A defining and underpinning characteristic of the international financial system in the 21st century is the apparent necessity of access to, usage of and infrastructure needed for sovereign debt (or comparable instruments), credit markets and capital markets more broadly. Typically, states across the globe rely on access to and usage of such markets to borrow…

Grameen Bank is, contrary to popular belief, an institution which relies heavily on state subsidies and its methods are not as much of an example of development from below as one would hope.