<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>Center for a Stateless Society &#187; redistribution</title>
	<atom:link href="http://c4ss.org/content/tag/redistribution/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://c4ss.org</link>
	<description>building public awareness of left-wing market anarchism</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Sat, 24 Jan 2015 03:46:54 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>en-US</language>
		<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
		<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>http://wordpress.org/?v=4.0.1</generator>
	<item>
		<title>The Weekly Abolitionist: Prisons as Upward Wealth Redistribution</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/28071</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/28071#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Jun 2014 23:00:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nathan Goodman]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Stigmergy - C4SS Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Weekly Abolitionist]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[anarchism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[capitalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cronyism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[exploitation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[labor]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[legal plunder]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[police state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[prison]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[redistribution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[work-ethic]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=28071</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[One of the main functions the state serves in practice is to forcibly transfer wealth to politically connected interest groups. Prisons serve that function today, and they have served it historically. In The Enterprise of Law,  economist Bruce Benson documents the rise of state controlled law enforcement in England. Stateless customary tort law had previously prevailed,...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>One of the main functions the state serves in practice is to forcibly transfer wealth to politically connected interest groups. Prisons serve that function today, and they have served it historically. In <a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Enterprise-Law-Justice-Without/dp/1598130447" target="_blank">The Enterprise of Law</a>,  economist Bruce Benson documents the rise of state controlled law enforcement in England. Stateless customary tort law had previously prevailed, with communities facilitating restitution based justice, but gradually the king and his cronies took control in order to extract wealth through fines and other modes of punitive &#8220;justice.&#8221; The rise of prisons as a method of punishment happened somewhat late in this process, but it too served a wealth transfer function, Benson explains:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8220;Houses of correction&#8221; were first established under Elizabeth to punish and reform able-bodied poor who refused to work. A &#8220;widespread concern for the habits and behavior of the poor&#8221; is often cited as the reason for the poor laws regarding vagrancy and the establishment of facilities to &#8220;reform&#8221; the idle poor by confining them and forcing them to work at hard labor. But Chambliss reported that &#8220;there is little question but that these statutes were designed for one express purpose: to force laborers (whether personally free or unfree) to accept employment at a low wage in order to insure the landowner an adequate supply of labor at a price he could afford to pay.&#8221; Such laws clearly reflected the transfer function of government.</p></blockquote>
<p>In this case, prisons were used as institutions of violent coercion meant to establish work discipline, enforce the work ethic, drive down wages, and thus transfer wealth from poor and working people to landowners.</p>
<p>Prisons served a similar function in the American South after the 13th Amendment was passed. The 13th Amendment prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude, but it makes an exception for those convicted of a crime. This provided a loophole that Southern states quickly implemented in order to preserve slavery. They passed laws known as the Black Codes that criminalized a litany of harmless behaviors specifically for black individuals. Then they imprisoned blacks in large numbers and leased them to businesses and governments to perform slave labor, in what was known as the convict lease system. This was yet another use of prisons and the criminal law as a wealth transfer, this time from former slaves to the state and elite economic interests.</p>
<p>Prisons are still used for the profits of entrenched interest groups today. Sometimes that means transferring wealth from taxpayers to for-profit prison operators like Corrections Corporation of America, GEO Group, and the Management and Training Corporation. Sometimes it means price gouging prisoners and their families through your state granted monopoly on phone calls to prisoners, as <a href="https://www.aclu.org/global-tel" target="_blank">Global Tel*Link</a> does. Medical contractors like <a href="https://www.aclu.org/corizon?web_acluaction_131008_corizon" target="_blank">Corizon</a> profit by providing inadequate medical care after being granted a monopoly in a prison. The agribusiness industry protects their profits by sending activists to prison for calling attention to abusive conditions in their facilities, through ag-gag laws and the <a href="http://ccrjustice.org/learn-more/faqs/factsheet%3A-animal-enterprise-terrorism-act-(aeta)" target="_blank">Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act</a>.</p>
<p>But it&#8217;s not just for-profit firms that extract wealth from prisoners and the public through the prison industrial complex. Prison guards at &#8220;public&#8221; prisons are just as much of a concentrated and selfish special interest group. The California prison guards union has pushed <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/09/california-prison-guards_n_3894490.html" target="_blank">prison expansion</a> and draconian &#8220;tough on crime&#8221; policies in order to ensure their members&#8217; job security. Democrats Dick Durbin and Cheri Bustos praised federal funding for the maximum security Thomson Correctional Center in Illinois on the grounds that it would create jobs. They essentially treat prisons as a make work program for their constituents.</p>
<p>These are just a few of the ways prisons operate as statist wealth transfers to politically connected groups. Like all such transfers, they distort the market, create unseen opportunity costs, and encourage further rent seeking by privileged interests. But prisons are a particularly brutal institution to use for wealth extraction. The costs of prisons are not merely economic. Prisons rob people of their liberty, subject them to <a href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/oct/24/shame-our-prisons-new-evidence/?pagination=false" target="_blank">rape</a>, <a href="https://www.texastribune.org/2014/04/22/tdcj-violation-basic-human-rights-report-finds/" target="_blank">bake them to death</a>, <a href="http://www.policestateusa.com/2014/darren-rainey/" target="_blank">scald their skin off</a>, and institutionalize <a href="http://ccrjustice.org/solitary-factsheet" target="_blank">psychological torture</a>. Prisons should be understood as another form of what Bastiat called legal plunder, and a particularly brutal one at that.</p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=28071&amp;md5=d43a5f02c88a92b9430bae0bdfe8357d" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/28071/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F28071&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=The+Weekly+Abolitionist%3A+Prisons+as+Upward+Wealth+Redistribution&amp;description=One+of+the+main+functions+the+state+serves+in+practice+is+to+forcibly+transfer+wealth+to+politically+connected+interest+groups.+Prisons+serve+that+function+today%2C+and+they+have+served+it...&amp;tags=anarchism%2Ccapitalism%2Ccorporate%2Ccorporate+state%2Ccronyism%2Cexploitation%2Clabor%2Clegal+plunder%2Cpolice+state%2Cprison%2Credistribution%2Cwork-ethic%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>A verdadeira redistribuição ocorre por detrás dos panos</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/25272</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/25272#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 13 Mar 2014 22:00:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kevin Carson]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Portuguese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[authority]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[capitalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[class war]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hierarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Markets Not Capitalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[redistribution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[secondary intervention]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[state]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=25272</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[De acordo com seu próprio relatório e com o que disse o colunista do Washington Post Howard Schneider (&#8220;Communists Have Seized the IMF&#8220;, 26 de fevereiro), o Fundo Monetário Internacional aparentemente amenizou sua posição sobre o &#8220;redistribuição de renda&#8221;. Isso, porém, é falso. Tanto o relatório do FMI (&#8220;Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth&#8220;, IMF Discussion Note...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>De acordo com seu próprio relatório e com o que disse o colunista do Washington Post Howard Schneider (&#8220;<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/02/26/communists-have-seized-the-imf//?print=1">Communists Have Seized the IMF</a>&#8220;, 26 de fevereiro), o Fundo Monetário Internacional aparentemente amenizou sua posição sobre o &#8220;redistribuição de renda&#8221;. Isso, porém, é falso.</p>
<p>Tanto o relatório do FMI (&#8220;<a href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2014/sdn1402.pdf">Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth</a>&#8220;, IMF Discussion Note SDN/14/02, fevereiro de 2014) quanto o artigo de Schneider confundem &#8220;redistribuição&#8221; com &#8220;igualdade&#8221;. São textos que operam sob o pressuposto oculto de que a desigualdade é resultado espontâneo da operação do &#8220;mercado&#8221;, enquanto uma maior igualdade requer a intervenção estatal no mercado para redistribuir renda e contrabalancear essa tendência natural.</p>
<p>Esses pressupostos não surpreendem, já que são parte constintuinte da ideologia oficial da aliança entre as grandes empresas e o estado que define o sistema capitalista existente. Os atores dominantes na economia corporativista têm o interesse velado de promover a ideia incorreta de que sua riqueza e poder econômico são legítimos porque resultam de seu desempenho superior dentro de &#8220;nossa economia livre&#8221;, através da &#8220;livre iniciativa&#8221;. Os defensores do estado regulatório, da mesma maneira, têm um ineresse velado similar em promover a ideia também errônea de que a intervenção estatal é necessária para evitar o aumento da concentração de renda e das desigualdades de poder econômico.</p>
<p>Porém, esses são pressupostos falsos. A ação estatal de redistribuição renda para as classes mais baixas não corrige uma tendência natural do mercado à desigualdade — ao contrário, a desigualdade é resultado da intervenção estatal contínua no mercado para distribuir renda para as classes altas. A função primária do estado é facilitar a escassez de recursos, defender direitos artificiais de propriedade, monopólios, cartéis e barreiras de entrada ao mercado, através dos quais a classe dominante extrai seu excedente de renda — além de subsidiar diretamente os custos operacionais das grandes empresas com o dinheiro dos pagadores de impostos. A maior parte das rendas advindas da terra, dos lucros corporativos e das riquezas da plutocracia são rendimentos resultantes de monopólios estabelecidos e defendidos pelo estado.</p>
<p>O que normalmente é chamado de &#8220;redistribuição&#8221; é só uma política secundária. Dado que as políticas primárias do estado tendem a desviar a renda das classes que precisam gastar dinheiro para aquelas que o investem ou poupam, o capitalismo corporativo é tomado por uma tendência crônica e crescente ao sobreinvestimento, à capacidade excessiva de produção e ao subconsumo. Assim, o sistema é ameaçado por crises econômicas cada vez piores e pela radicalização das classes baixas, graças à insegurança econômica ou mesmo à pobreza extrema e fome.</p>
<p>A tributação progressiva e o estado de bem-estar — da forma relativamente moderada que existem — envolvem a tomada de uma pequena fração da renda que é redistribuída para cima e o desvio dela para baixo, de forma que sejam evitados níveis desestabilizadores de pobreza entre os mais pobres das classes baixas e que o aumento do poder de compra deles seja suficiente para reduzir a capacidade industrial ociosa. A renda &#8220;redistribuída&#8221; por políticas assistencialistas estão uma ordem de magnitude (pelo menos) abaixo da renda redistribuída originalmente pelo estado para as classes de proprietários, capitalistas, agiotas, detentores de &#8220;propriedade intelectual&#8221; e outros monopólios, e para as classes corporativas gerenciais e administrativas. É o equivalente a um assaltante dar a sua vítima o dinheiro do táxi para que ela chegue em casa com segurança, continue trabalhando e ganhe mais dinheiro para futuros assaltos.</p>
<p>Então, a pretensa &#8220;redistribuição&#8221; para as classes baixas é apenas um corretivo secundário à redistribuição anterior para as classes altas. A única solução realmente justa para eliminar a redistribuição para cima é deixar a competição do mercado e a cooperação voluntária destruírem as rendas da classe corporativa dominante.</p>
<p>Traduzido do inglês para o português por <a title="Posts by Erick Vasconcelos" href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/erick-vasconcelos" rel="author">Erick Vasconcelos</a>.</p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=25272&amp;md5=ecfe7c650c6268e2d851013d2446e2cd" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/25272/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F25272&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=A+verdadeira+redistribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+ocorre+por+detr%C3%A1s+dos+panos&amp;description=De+acordo+com+seu+pr%C3%B3prio+relat%C3%B3rio+e+com+o+que+disse+o+colunista+do+Washington+Post+Howard+Schneider+%28%26%238220%3BCommunists+Have+Seized+the+IMF%26%238220%3B%2C+26+de+fevereiro%29%2C+o+Fundo+Monet%C3%A1rio+Internacional...&amp;tags=authority%2Ccapitalism%2Cclass+war%2Ccorporate%2Ccorporate+state%2Chierarchy%2CMarkets+Not+Capitalism%2Cpolitics%2CPortuguese%2Credistribution%2Csecondary+intervention%2Cstate%2CStateless+Embassies%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Real Redistribution Is Going On Behind The Curtain</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/25217</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/25217#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 09 Mar 2014 18:00:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kevin Carson]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[authority]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[capitalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[class war]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hierarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Markets Not Capitalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Portuguese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[redistribution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[secondary intervention]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Spanish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=25217</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By its own recent report&#8217;s framing and that of the Washington Post&#8217;s Howard Schneider (&#8220;Communists Have Seized the IMF,&#8221; February 26), the International Monetary Fund has apparently gone soft on &#8220;redistribution.&#8221; But that framing is wrong. Both the IMF report (&#8220;Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth,&#8221; IMF Discussion Note SDN/14/02, February 2014) and Schneider&#8217;s write-up of it conflate &#8220;redistribution&#8221;...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By its own recent report&#8217;s framing and that of the Washington <em>Post&#8217;s</em> Howard Schneider (<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/02/26/communists-have-seized-the-imf//?print=1">&#8220;Communists Have Seized the IMF,&#8221;</a> February 26), the International Monetary Fund has apparently gone soft on &#8220;redistribution.&#8221; But that framing is wrong.</p>
<p>Both the IMF report (&#8220;<a href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2014/sdn1402.pdf">Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth</a>,&#8221; IMF Discussion Note SDN/14/02, February 2014) and Schneider&#8217;s write-up of it conflate &#8220;redistribution&#8221; with &#8220;equality&#8221;: They operate from the unstated assumption that inequality is the spontaneous outcome of &#8220;the market,&#8221; while achieving greater equality requires government intervention in the market to redistribute income counter to this natural market tendency.</p>
<p>These unstated assumptions are of course unremarkable, constituting as they do the core of the official ideology of the big-business, big-government nexus defining the existing capitalist system. The corporate economy&#8217;s dominant players have a vested interest in promoting the erroneous assumption that their concentrated wealth and economic power are legitimate because they result from superior performance in &#8220;our free market economy&#8221; or &#8220;our free enterprise system.&#8221; And advocates for the regulatory state have a similar vested interest in promoting the equally erroneous assumption that state intervention is necessary to prevent rising concentrations of economic power and disparities of wealth.</p>
<p>But these assumptions are not true. State action to redistribute wealth downward isn&#8217;t a corrective to a normal market tendency of inequality &#8212; rather, inequality is the result of continual state intervention in the market to distribute wealth upward. The primary function of the state is to enforce the artificial scarcities, artificial property rights, monopolies, entry barriers and cartels by which the economic ruling class extracts its rents &#8212; and not only that, but to directly subsidize the operating costs of big business at taxpayer expense. The overwhelming bulk of land rent and corporate profit, and of the plutocracy&#8217;s income, are rents on such monopolies enforced by the state.</p>
<p>What&#8217;s normally called &#8220;redistribution&#8221; is entirely secondary. Because these rents tend to shift income from the classes that must spend money to live to the classes that invest it or save it, corporate capitalism is plagued with a chronic and growing tendency towards overinvestment, excess production capacity and underconsumption. As a result the system is threatened by steadily worsening economic crises and by political radicalization of the lower orders resulting from economic insecurity or outright homelessness and starvation.</p>
<p>Progressive taxation and the welfare state &#8212; to the modest extent that they actually exist &#8212; involve taking a small fraction of the income that&#8217;s redistributed upward, and shifting it back downward to prevent politically destabilizing levels of poverty among the poorest of the underclass and increase popular purchasing power enough to reduce idle industrial capacity. Income &#8220;redistributed&#8221; through food stamps, welfare and the like is an order of magnitude (at least) less than that originally redistributed upward by the state to landlords, capitalists, usurers, holders of &#8220;intellectual property&#8221; and other monopolies, and senior corporate management and the administrative classes. It&#8217;s the equivalent of a mugger hand his victim cab fare so she can get home safely, keep working and make more money for future muggings.</p>
<p>So so-called downward &#8220;redistribution&#8221; is just a secondary corrective to the state&#8217;s previous upward redistribution of income. The only truly just solution is to eliminate the upward redistribution in the first place, letting market competition and voluntary cooperation destroy the rentier incomes of our corporate ruling class.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
<ul>
<li>Portuguese, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/25272" target="_blank">A verdadeira redistribuição ocorre por detrás dos panos</a>.</li>
<li>Spanish, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/25515" target="_blank">La Verdadera Redistribución Ocurre Tras Bastidores</a>.</li>
</ul>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=25217&amp;md5=376ca9882cb0a7c924977d8b2cd393fe" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/25217/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F25217&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=The+Real+Redistribution+Is+Going+On+Behind+The+Curtain&amp;description=By+its+own+recent+report%26%238217%3Bs+framing+and+that+of+the+Washington+Post%26%238217%3Bs%C2%A0Howard+Schneider+%28%26%238220%3BCommunists+Have+Seized+the+IMF%2C%26%238221%3B%C2%A0February+26%29%2C+the+International+Monetary+Fund+has+apparently+gone+soft+on+%26%238220%3Bredistribution.%26%238221%3B+But...&amp;tags=authority%2Ccapitalism%2Cclass+war%2Ccorporate%2Ccorporate+state%2Chierarchy%2CMarkets+Not+Capitalism%2Cpolitics%2CPortuguese%2Credistribution%2Csecondary+intervention%2CSpanish%2Cstate%2CStateless+Embassies%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Libertários por redistribuição</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/23282</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/23282#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Dec 2013 20:00:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gary Chartier]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Portuguese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[counter-economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[exploitation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[left-libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[redistribution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[revolution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[state]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=23282</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Libertarianismo é um projeto redistributivo. Esse é um outro ponto de vista em que o anarquismo radical de mercado é justamente visualizado como parte da tradição socialista. Estatistas de esquerda e direita são a favor da redistribuição da riqueza. Libertários, pelo contrário, se assumem muitas vezes como totalmente contrários a toda forma de redistribuição. Mas...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Libertarianismo é um projeto redistributivo. Esse é um outro ponto de vista em que o anarquismo radical de mercado é justamente visualizado como parte da tradição socialista.</p>
<p>Estatistas de esquerda e direita são a favor da redistribuição da riqueza. Libertários, pelo contrário, se assumem muitas vezes como totalmente contrários a toda forma de redistribuição. Mas é importante perceber que se este é realmente o caso ou não depende de como nós responderemos a várias perguntas:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Agente</strong>: quem efetua a redistribuição?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Justificativa</strong>: o que justifica a redistribuição?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>Meios</strong>: como a redistribuição seria realizada?</p>
<p><strong>Redistribuição Estatista</strong></p>
<p>Para estatistas, o agente da redistribuição é o estado. As justificativas para a redistribuição são principalmente consequencionalistas se vendo como destinada a trazer algum favorecimento em seu estágio final &#8211; embora possa ser utilizada igualmente para punir os supostamente indignos e recompensar os sem dúvida virtuosos. O meio? A criação de monopólios, a aprovação de regulamentações, o confisco de bens através do domínio forçado ou a transferência de recursos adquiridos via tributação (impostos).</p>
<p>Assim, ambos os tipos de estatistas mudam a riqueza de quem produz para elites politicamente favorecidas. Eles também podem, é claro, desviar os recursos para os economicamente vulneráveis, mas os maiores beneficiados desses programas são os vários grupos de pessoas mais influentes politicamente.</p>
<p>A redistribuição estatista é injusta porque emprega meios agressivos e porque ela é realizada pelo estado &#8211; que é um monopolista agressivo. É indefensável na medida em que sua viabilidade depende de uma coerência consequencionalista. E é indesejável porque serve aos interesses da elite no poder, em detrimento do bem-estar das pessoas comuns.</p>
<p><strong>A Redistribuição Solidária</strong></p>
<p>Muitos libertários reconhecem a importância da redistribuição, voluntária solidária, realizada por pessoas usando seus próprios recursos com o objetivo de ajudar as vítimas de acidente ou desastres ou experimentos econômicos inseguros, mas não impostos pelo estado. É, de fato, perfeitamente consistente com os princípios libertários afirmar que enquanto não se usar a força para efetuar sua redistribuição solidária, a prática de que pode, contudo, ser um dever não obrigatório:  algo que se tem a responsabilidade de fazer, mas que um não deve a nenhuma pessoa específica, e que pode razoavelmente ser cumprida de várias maneiras e que não pode ser reivindicado por ninguém em particular como um direito. O agente de tal redistribuição é o indivíduo, usando seus próprios recursos e operando de forma independente ou através de uma associação voluntária. A justificativa é a importância (no entanto entendida) de ajudar quem precisa de ajuda. Os meios &#8211; todos voluntários &#8211; podem incluir contribuições para projetos relevantes, proporcionando aos desempregados, aqueles incapazes de assegurar trabalho, vários tipos de investimentos, e contribuições diretas para pessoas economicamente vulneráveis.</p>
<p><strong>Redistribuição Transacional e Retificativa</strong></p>
<p>Mas este não é o único tipo de redistribuição que libertários podem e deveriam favorecer. Libertários também têm boas razões para reconhecer a importância de dois outros tipos redistribuição: redistribuição entendida como o resultado previsto e desejável a manutenção de um livre mercado, e a redistribuição como uma questão de justiça corretiva &#8230;  Podemos chamar esse tipo redistribuição de transacional e retificativa.</p>
<p><strong>Redistribuição Transacional</strong></p>
<p>A redistribuição transacional é apenas uma descrição do que acontece em um mercado verdadeiramente livre. Mercados com menos privilégios, proteções para posse a longo prazo de propriedade não cultivada e assim por diante, os membros da elite no poder, sendo obrigados a participar, juntamente com todos os outros no processo de cooperação voluntária, que é o livre mercado, tenderiam a perder ganhos ilícitos. Eles vão reter a riqueza só se eles realmente atenderem às necessidades de outros participantes do mercado. E eles não serão capazes de usar o sistema legal para proteger sua riqueza de posseiros (permitindo-lhes manter a terras não cultivadas indefinidamente) ou limitar a negociação vigorosa por parte dos trabalhadores (tanto porque os trabalhadores estarão mais livres para se organizar, sem restrições estatais e porque a ausência de tais restrições irão dar aos trabalhadores outras opções de trabalho remunerado que irão melhorar suas posições de negociação).</p>
<p>Embora a concorrência desenfreada, obviamente, não vá criar igualdade matemática ela vai tornar muito mais difícil as grandes disparidades de riqueza que existem no presente. As vantagens Estatais da elite no poder, usando a ameaça de agressão para transferir as riquezas aos politicamente favorecidos. A remoção dos privilégios da elite no poder vai levar, através da operação do mercado, para a ampla dispersão da riqueza dos membros que a elite no poder são capazes de reter no momento, em virtude da proteção que recebe da ordem política.</p>
<p>O meio de redistribuição transacional é o mercado. Os agentes diretos são os agentes comuns do mercado, enquanto os responsáveis pela eliminação de privilégios estatais que distorcem o mercado e sustentam a riqueza da elite do poder são os agentes indiretos. As justificativas para a redistribuição transacional incluem o valor da liberdade e da injustiça desses privilégios que são corrigidas pela redistribuição transacional.</p>
<p><strong>Redistribuição Retificativa</strong></p>
<p>Eliminando privilégios e criando um mercado livre tendesse a fomentar a partilha generalizada de riqueza. Mas não vai ser por si só suficiente para compensar os efeitos da agressão sistemática pelos membros da elite do poder e seus aliados. É por isso que redistribuição retificativa também é importante.</p>
<p>A injustiça enorme está na raiz de grande parte da distribuição da riqueza contemporânea. Roubo de terras é o exemplo mais óbvio. Mas outros tipos de agressão &#8211; o sistema de passaportes internos implementado na Inglaterra do século XVIII, por exemplo, ou a lavratura de terra sem dono pelo estado fiduciário &#8211; também serviram para privar as pessoas comuns de recursos e oportunidades. Os beneficiados por este tipo de agressão têm variado em certa medida, mas eles têm sempre pertencido a grupos politicamente favorecidos &#8211; eles foram membros da elite no poder ou seus associados.</p>
<p>As pessoas merecem uma compensação pelos prejuízos que sofreram nas mãos de quem prefere a política como meio para aquisição de riqueza. Obviamente não é possível corrigir todas as injustiças históricas. Mas quando essas injustiças têm sistematicamente beneficiado alguns grupos identificáveis à custa dos outros, a correção radical é possível e inteiramente justificada. É por isso que Murray Rothbard argumentou que os escravos deveriam ter o direito à terra de plantação em que trabalhavam: os seus supostos &#8220;donos&#8221; não tinha usado o seu próprio trabalho, ou o trabalho de pessoas livres que cooperam com eles, para cultivar a terra. Assim, a terra foi razoavelmente considerada como sem dono antes dos trabalhos de cultivo dos escravos, que deveria ter sido tratada como, de fato, apropriação &#8211; e que, obviamente, merecia uma compensação para o roubo de seu trabalho por seus &#8220;donos&#8221;.</p>
<p>Da mesma forma, os agricultores independentes que se transformaram em servos por meio de violência merecem, Rothbard acreditava, receber o título da terra em que eles trabalhavam, enquanto os proprietários aristocráticos do latifúndio em que eles trabalharam não merecia absolutamente nada em compensação pela terra a que em primeiro lugar eles nem tinham direito de ter. Instituições militares, universidades de pesquisa e outras entidades, em grande parte suportadas pelo roubo do estado de terras e recursos poderiam muito bem, como Karl Hess sugeriu, ser tratadas como sem dono e capaz de serem herdadas pelos seus trabalhadores ou terceiros. E seria fácil argumentar no mesmo sentido que as pessoas impedidas de apropriação da terra sem dono por meio de sua lavratura legal devem ser autorizadas a reivindicá-la.</p>
<p>O meio de redistribuição retificativa é a realocação de títulos de propriedade injustamente adquiridos ou mantidos. Os agentes diretos são as pessoas que herdam a propriedade recentemente reconhecida como sem dono ou que reivindicam a propriedade injustamente retirada ou negada a eles ou a seus antecessores. Enquanto que aqueles que trabalham para garantir a negação do reconhecimento ou a proteção aos títulos injustos são os agentes indiretos. As justificativas para a redistribuição retificativa incluem tanto as injustiças dos títulos de propriedade para os realoca-los devidamente como a reivindicações para a compensação de pessoas privadas de título para sua própria propriedade ou injustamente impedidos de adquirir propriedade sem dono pela elite no poder. Embora não seja o motivo da realocação dos títulos, a maior dispersão da riqueza  é um dos tipos de efeitos da redistribuição que pode ser recebido pelos libertários, tanto em virtude dos benefícios que conferem a pessoas economicamente vulneráveis como por causa de sua contribuição para uma maior estabilidade social.</p>
<p><strong>Libertarianismo como um projeto redistributivo</strong></p>
<p>A redistribuição libertária apenas porque ela emprega meios voluntários ou retificativos e porque é realizada por agentes não estatais. Ela não requer qualquer tipo de justificativa consequencionalista global. E isso serve para capacitar as pessoas comuns e compensá-las de injustiças sofridas.</p>
<p>Estatistas podem em reposta reprovarem a redistribuição libertária porque não é feita pelo estado. Mas, se o fizerem, eles nos devem uma explicação: por que eles deveriam estar preocupados principalmente com os meios? Estatistas normalmente defendem a redistribuição ou como um meio de reduzir a vulnerabilidade econômica ou como uma forma de promover a igualdade econômica, entendida como valiosa em seu próprio direito. Mas a redistribuição libertária certamente atingiria o objetivo anterior e provavelmente promoveria a este o último também. Assim estatistas que se opõem a redistribuição libertária parecem ter esse fetiche de se preocupar mais com meios que com os fins pretendidos por políticas estatais.</p>
<p>Libertários justamente rejeitam a redistribuição estatal como uma variedade da escravidão. Mas eles têm todos os motivos para abraçar redistribuição solidária, transacional e retificativa. O compromisso libertário com a redistribuição ajuda a identificar claramente o libertarianismo como uma espécie de radicalismo genuíno que desafia o status quo, mina a exclusão, a hierarquia, a pobreza e ainda promove uma capacitação autêntica.</p>
<p>// <a href="http://www.libertarianismo.org/index.php/academia/artigosnovo/1469-libertarios-por-redistribuicao" target="_blank">Tradução de Vento Farias Lima. Revisão de Rodrigo Viana e Matheus Pacini</a> | <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/12961">Artigo original</a></p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=23282&amp;md5=9cbc5cc82f154ab3858cadd5a96d52d0" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/23282/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F23282&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=Libert%C3%A1rios+por+redistribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o&amp;description=Libertarianismo+%C3%A9+um+projeto+redistributivo.+Esse+%C3%A9+um+outro+ponto+de+vista+em+que+o+anarquismo+radical+de+mercado+%C3%A9+justamente+visualizado+como+parte+da+tradi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+socialista.+Estatistas+de+esquerda...&amp;tags=counter-economics%2Cexploitation%2Cleft-libertarian%2Clibertarian%2Cpolitics%2CPortuguese%2Credistribution%2Crevolution%2Cstate%2CStateless+Embassies%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Libertarians For Redistribution &#8211; Webinar</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/15068</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/15068#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 07 Dec 2012 19:00:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gary Chartier]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Stigmergy - C4SS Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[left-libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[redistribution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[revolution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[state]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=15068</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Gary Chartier: Libertarians ordinarily look at the idea of income and wealth redistribution very skeptically.]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>C4SS trustee Gary Chartier will discuss &#8220;<a href="http://c4ss.org/content/12961" target="_blank">Libertarians for Redistribution</a>&#8221; with participants in a Students for Liberty webinar on Tuesday, December 11. Chartier argues that, while statist redistribution is undesirable, stateless redistribution&#8211;effected by market exchange, solidarity, the rectification of past injustice, and the homesteading of assets acquired through state engrossment or by tax-supported firms&#8211;can be a valuable means of addressing inequities and reducing economic vulnerability and insecurity and can achieve some (albeit not all) the goals of statist redistribution.</p>
<p><a href="https://www2.gotomeeting.com/register/745932418" target="_blank">Webinar Registration</a></p>
<blockquote><p>Libertarians ordinarily look at the idea of income and wealth redistribution very skeptically. And they should—if redistribution by the state for the purpose of equalizing incomes, boosting productivity, or achieving other macro-level goals is in view. But a number of the goals of statist programs of redistribution can, perhaps surprisingly, be served by a distinctively libertarian approach to redistribution, focusing on the rectification of past injustices, the elimination of privilege, solidarity and mutual aid, and market exchange.</p></blockquote>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=15068&amp;md5=7b02429bdaa2dbbfbf22d69aa109b725" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/15068/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F15068&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=Libertarians+For+Redistribution+%26%238211%3B+Webinar&amp;description=C4SS+trustee+Gary+Chartier+will+discuss+%26%238220%3BLibertarians+for+Redistribution%26%238221%3B+with+participants+in+a+Students+for+Liberty+webinar+on+Tuesday%2C+December+11.+Chartier+argues+that%2C+while+statist+redistribution+is+undesirable%2C+stateless...&amp;tags=left-libertarian%2Clibertarian%2Cpolitics%2Credistribution%2Crevolution%2Cstate%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Reconsidering Redistribution: One Libertarian&#8217;s View</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/12950</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/12950#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 23 Sep 2012 18:00:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[David S. D'Amato]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[counter-economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[market anarchism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mitt Romney]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[redistribution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Romney]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=12950</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[David D'Amato on what goes up.]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Last week, <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19656323" target="_blank">BBC News&#8217;s Mark Mardell reacted</a> to Mitt Romney’s revealing contention that, because they’re dependent on government, forty-seven percent of Americans will vote for Barack Obama no matter what. The argument is that these lazy spongers on the system are dependent on government handouts for all of their necessities, and so shudder at the “personal responsibility” candidate, Romney.</p>
<p>Brooding on Romney’s words, Mardell wonders whether redistribution truly is an idea foreign to the United States. In so doing, Mardell draws especial attention to the difference in American and British attitudes about redistribution and the role of the welfare state.</p>
<p>Market anarchists hold what is perhaps a unique perspective on “redistribution,” as it were, one that leans less on easy rhetorical distinctions and rather more on the substantive facts of the relationship between the state and powerful corporate actors. Attacks on individual liberty and free competition <em>actually</em> <em>do</em> translate into an enormous overall redistribution of wealth &#8212; yet the redistribution is “upward,” that is, from the vast majority of people, who incidentally produce the vast majority of wealth, to the small few who benefit from American capitalism.</p>
<p>The great strength and underpinning of that system, at least from an ideological standpoint, is the deftness with which its beneficiaries, people like Mitt Romney, are able to pass it off as “competitive free enterprise.” Market anarchists contend that American capitalism, centered on monopolies of land and finance, bears no relation to genuine free markets, where “free” is employed in the legitimate sense of voluntary exchange without arbitrary privilege.</p>
<p>Redistribution is thus quite native to the American Way, only with its true character bedimmed by the careful disinformation of the United States’ political and economic elite. Mardell does well to note that “hundreds of years ago [redistribution meant] distributing the wealth of the masses upwards to the kings and lords.” He would do better still to recognize the similarity, indeed the perfect continuity, between the economic programs of yore and the finance capitalism that makes people like the GOP’s presidential candidate rich.</p>
<p>Appraising the whole catalog of coercive legal privileges built into and forming the structural basis of the American economy (and that of the world at large), the notion that we have every-man-for-himself, cutthroat competition is risible at best. To be sure, we of course do see that kind of fully-developed, aggressive competition among laborers, wage-earners of all kinds who live paycheck to paycheck.</p>
<p>They jockey for employment opportunities within an environment constrained by the many <em>limits </em>on competition that benefit politically entrenched Big Business. Corporate welfare is, in the United States, the only kind that adds up to anything at all significant, and the only kind that matters at all to the political class.</p>
<p>Beyond just the billions upon billions of dollars that are poured into favored companies each year in the form of direct subsidies and bailouts, the richest corporations benefit mightily from the various regulatory barriers, licenses, patents, and permits that forcibly prevent ordinarily people from capitalizing on the property and skills they have.</p>
<p>The deficiency or complete lack of competition in so many areas of economic life means that working people are met with a “take it or leave it” proffer from Big Business. When you haven’t anywhere else to go, you’ll accept pennies on the dollar for pay and you’ll pay twice as much as a product is worth.</p>
<p>And in both cases, there is upward redistribution just as certainly and concretely as there is when the state gives taxpayer dollars to corporations outright (see, for instance, TARP, which handed hundreds of billions to Wall Street).</p>
<p>It’s time to abandon the myth of the American system peddled by plutocrats like Mitt Romney. A huge piece of that myth is the puzzling, ahistorical notion that the state is the great protector of the poor and powerless. At every point and juncture, the state has been the preserver of the rich, of coercive privilege at the expense of competition. To end the continuous theft from productive people, it is necessary to end the state.</p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=12950&amp;md5=b65aa42a5bfa86fb0fbeb0ac2db0bb15" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/12950/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F12950&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=Reconsidering+Redistribution%3A+One+Libertarian%26%238217%3Bs+View&amp;description=Last+week%2C+BBC+News%26%238217%3Bs+Mark+Mardell+reacted+to+Mitt+Romney%E2%80%99s+revealing+contention+that%2C+because+they%E2%80%99re+dependent+on+government%2C+forty-seven+percent+of+Americans+will+vote+for+Barack+Obama+no+matter+what....&amp;tags=counter-economics%2Cmarket+anarchism%2CMitt+Romney%2Cpolitics%2Credistribution%2CRomney%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Libertarians for Redistribution</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/12961</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/12961#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 22 Sep 2012 23:00:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gary Chartier]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Left-Libertarian - Classics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[counter-economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[exploitation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[left-libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Portuguese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[property]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[redistribution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[revolution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=12961</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Gary Chartier: Libertarians rightly reject statist redistribution as a variety of slavery. But they have every reason to embrace solidaristic, transactional, and rectificational redistribution.]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Libertarianism is a redistributive project. That’s another way in which radical market anarchism is rightly seen as part of the socialist tradition.</p>
<p>Statists on both the left and the right favor the redistribution of wealth. Libertarians, by contrast, are often assumed to be dead-set against all varieties of redistribution. But it’s important to see that whether this is really the case or not depends on how we answer several questions:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Agent</em>: who effects the redistribution?</li>
<li><em>Rationale</em>: what justifies the redistribution?</li>
<li><em>Means</em>: how is the redistribution accomplished?</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Statist Redistribution</strong></p>
<p>For statists, the <em>agent</em> of redistribution is the state. The <em>rationales</em> for redistribution are primarily <em>consequentialist </em>— it’s seen as designed to bring about some favored end-state — though it may also be used to punish the putatively undeserving and to reward the arguably virtuous. The <em>means</em>? The creation of monopolies, the enactment of regulations, the confiscation of property via eminent domain, or the transfer of resources acquired via taxation.</p>
<p>Thus, both kinds of statists shift wealth from those who produce it to politically favored elites. They may also, of course, shift resources to the economically vulnerable, but the prime beneficiaries of these programs are various groups of politically influential people.</p>
<p>Statist redistribution is unjust because it employs aggressive means and because it is undertaken by the state — an aggressive monopolist. It is indefensible to the extent that its viability depends on the coherence of consequentialism. And it is undesirable because it serves the interests of the power elite at the expense of the well being of ordinary people.</p>
<p><strong>Solidaristic Redistribution</strong></p>
<p>Many libertarians acknowledge the importance of voluntary, <em><a href="http://radgeek.com/gt/2009/06/12/freed-market-regulation">solidaristic</a> </em>redistribution, undertaken by people using their own resources for the purpose of aiding victims of accident or disaster or those experiencing economic insecurity and not coercively mandated by the state. It is, indeed, perfectly consistent with libertarian principles to maintain that, while it is not just to use force to effect solidaristic redistribution, engaging in it may nonetheless be an “imperfect” duty: something one has a responsibility to do, but which one doesn’t owe <em>to any specific person</em>, and which can reasonably be fulfilled in multiple ways — and which cannot therefore be claimed by anyone in particular as a right. The agent of such redistribution is the individual, using her own resources and operating independently or through a voluntary association. The <em>rationale</em> is the importance (however understood) of helping those who need assistance. The <em>means </em>— all voluntary — might include contributions to worthwhile projects, providing unemployment for those unable to secure work, various kinds of investments, and direct gifts to economically vulnerable people.</p>
<p><strong>Transactional and Rectificational Redistribution</strong></p>
<p>But this is hardly the only kind of redistribution libertarians can and should favor. Libertarians also have good reason to recognize the importance of two other kinds of redistribution: redistribution understood as the predictable and desirable outcome of the maintenance of a freed market, and redistribution as a matter of corrective justice.. We can call these kinds of redistribution <em>transactional</em> and <em>rectificational</em>.</p>
<p><em>Transactional Redistribution</em></p>
<p><em>Transactional</em> redistribution is just a description of what happens in a genuinely freed market. <em>Markets undermine privilege</em>. Without the protection afforded by monopoly privileges (including <a href="http://www.mises.org/books/against.pdf">patents and copyrights</a>), subsidies, tariffs, <a href="http://www.dehnbase.org/lpus/library/platform/2000/uacb.ht">restrictions on union organizing</a>, protections for long-term ownership of uncultivated property, and so forth, members of the power elite, forced to participate along with everyone else in the process of voluntary cooperation that is the freed market, will tend to lose ill-gotten gains. They will retain wealth only if they actually serve the needs of other market participants. And they will be unable to use the legal system to protect their wealth from squatters (by enabling them to maintain uncultivated land indefinitely) or to limit vigorous bargaining by workers (both because workers will be freer to organize without statist restrictions and because the absence of such restrictions will give workers options other than paid employment that will improve their negotiating positions).</p>
<p>While unfettered competition obviously will not create mathematical equality, it will make it much harder for vast disparities of wealth to persist than at present. The state props up the power elite, using the threat of aggression to shift wealth to the politically favored. Removing the privileges of the power elite will lead, through the operation of the market, to the widespread dispersion of wealth members of the power elite are able to retain at present in virtue of the protection they receive from the political order.</p>
<p>The <em>means</em> of transactional redistribution is the market. The <em>direct agents</em> are ordinary market actors, while those responsible for the elimination of statist privileges that distort the market and prop up the wealth of the power elite are the <em>indirect agents</em>. The rationales for transactional redistribution include the<em>value of freedom</em> and the <em>injustice of the privileges </em>transactional redistribution corrects.</p>
<p><em>Rectificational Redistribution</em></p>
<p>Eliminating privilege and creating a freed market will tend to foster the widespread sharing of wealth. But it will not on its own be sufficient to make up for the effects of systematic aggression by the members of the power elite and their allies. That’s why <em>rectificational</em> redistribution is also important.</p>
<p>Massive injustice lies at the root of much of the contemporary distribution of wealth. <em><a href="http://mises.org/rothbard/ethics/ten.asp">Land theft</a></em> is the most obvious example. But other kinds of aggression — the internal passport system implemented in eighteenth-century England, for instance, or the engrossment of unowned land by state fiat — have also served to deprive ordinary people of resources and opportunities. The beneficiaries of this kind of aggression have varied to some extent, but they have consistently belonged to politically favored groups — they’ve been either members of the power elite or their associates.</p>
<p>People deserve compensation for the losses they have suffered at the hands of those who prefer the political to the economic means of acquiring wealth. It is obviously not possible to correct all historical injustices. But when those injustices have systematically benefited some identifiable groups at the expense of others, radical correction is possible and entirely warranted. That’s why Murray Rothbard argued that <a href="http://mises.org/rothbard/ethics/eleven.asp">slaves should be entitled to the plantation land on which they worked</a>: their putative “owners” had not used their own labor, or the labor of free people cooperating with them, to cultivate the land; rather, those who cultivated it for the members of the plantocracy did so at gunpoint. Thus, the land was reasonably regarded as unowned prior to the cultivating work of the slaves, who should have been treated as, in effect, homesteading it — and who obviously deserved compensation for the theft of their labor by their “owners.”</p>
<p>In the same way, independent farmers turned into serfs by violence deserved, Rothbard believed, to receive title to the land on which they worked, while the aristocratic proprietors of the latifundia on which they worked deserved precisely nothing in compensation for land to which they weren’t entitled in the first place. Military contractors, research universities, and other entities largely supported by the state’s theft of land and resources might well, <a href="http://mises.org/journals/lf/1969/1969_06_15.aspx">he and Karl Hess suggested</a>, be treated as unowned and capable of being homestead by their workers or others. And it would be easy to argue along similar lines that those prevented from homesteading unowned land by means of its legal engrossment should be allowed to claim it. And so forth.</p>
<p>The <em>means</em> of rectificational redistribution is the reallocation of unjustly acquired or retained property titles. The <em>direct agents</em> are the people who homestead property newly acknowledged to be unowned or who claim property unjustly taken from or denied to them or their predecessors in interest, while those who work to ensure the denial of recognition or protection to unjust titles are the <em>indirect agents</em>. The <em>rationales</em> for rectificational redistribution include both the <em>injustices of the titles </em>to the property rectificational redistribution reallocates and the <em>claims to compensation</em> of those deprived of title to their own property or unjustly prevented for claiming unowned property by the power elite. While it is not a source of independent justification for reallocating title, the greater dispersion of wealth this kind of redistribution effects can be welcomed by libertarians both in virtue of the benefits it confers on economically vulnerable people and because of its contribution to greater social stability.</p>
<p><strong>Libertarianism as a Redistributive Project</strong></p>
<p>Libertarian redistribution is just because it employs voluntary or rectificatory means and because it is undertaken by non-state actors. It does not require any sort of global consequentialist justification. And it serves to empower ordinary people and compensate them for injustice.</p>
<p>Statists might reflexively dismiss libertarian redistribution because it isn’t undertaken by the state. But, if they did, they would owe us an explanation: why should they be concerned primarily about means? Statists ordinarily argue for redistribution either as a means of reducing economic vulnerability or as a way of fostering economic equality, understood as valuable in its own right. But libertarian redistribution would certainly achieve the former goal and would likely promote the latter, too. So statists opposed to libertarian redistribution would seem to have fetishized statist means—and to care more about these means than about the purported ends of statist policies.</p>
<p>Libertarians rightly reject statist redistribution as a variety of slavery. But they have every reason to embrace solidaristic, transactional, and rectificational redistribution. A libertarian commitment to redistribution helps clearly to identify libertarianism as a species of genuine radicalism that challenges the status quo, undermines hierarchy, exclusion, and poverty, and fosters authentic empowerment.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
<ul>
<li>Portuguese, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/23282" target="_blank">Libertários por redistribuição</a>.</li>
</ul>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=12961&amp;md5=d5f0f5bfe1b0115796da771c4ec69e47" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/12961/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>3</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F12961&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=Libertarians+for+Redistribution&amp;description=Libertarianism+is+a+redistributive+project.+That%E2%80%99s+another+way+in+which+radical+market+anarchism+is+rightly+seen+as+part+of+the+socialist+tradition.+Statists+on+both+the+left+and+the+right...&amp;tags=counter-economics%2Cexploitation%2Cleft-libertarian%2Clibertarian%2CPortuguese%2Cproperty%2Credistribution%2Crevolution%2CStateless+Embassies%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
	</channel>
</rss>
