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		<title>Elections and the Technocratic Ideology on Feed 44</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/32857</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Oct 2014 18:00:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[James Tuttle]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[C4SS Feed 44 presents Erick Vasconcelos&#8216; “Elections and the Technocratic Ideology” read by Christopher King and edited by Nick Ford. It’s not about being governed or not, it’s about who is going to do the governing. Who would we want to sit on the Iron Throne if not a “specialist?” Someone who wouldn’t be driven by politico-ideological...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>C4SS Feed 44 presents <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/erick-vasconcelos" target="_blank">Erick Vasconcelos</a>&#8216; “<a href="http://c4ss.org/content/31304" target="_blank">Elections and the Technocratic Ideology</a>” read by Christopher King and edited by Nick Ford.</p>
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<p>It’s not about being governed or not, it’s about who is going to do the governing. Who would we want to sit on the Iron Throne if not a “specialist?” Someone who wouldn’t be driven by politico-ideological passions, but by the “industrial values” Veblen cherished. Someone to oil up the gears of this great machinery that is society.</p>
<p>That is all hogwash, of course, because when we talk about politics, we talk about ideology — about prioritizing, about choosing one collective goal as preferable to another. However, there are no macro social ends, at least not apart from a sum of individual goals or as a mere metaphor. Which is also the reason why it isn’t possible to put public management under the control of experts, because the very definition of what constitutes “public management” is an ideological question subject to political negotiation and resistance.</p>
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		<title>Elezioni e Ideologia Tecnocratica</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/31723</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 14 Sep 2014 11:00:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Erick Vasconcelos]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Chi vota per politici come il candidato alla presidenza brasiliana Aecio Neves, così come molti dei simpatizzanti del suo partito (Partito Socialdemocratico Brasiliano, Psdb), spesso va in confusione quando scopre che idee come “efficienza” nel settore pubblico, “cura choc”, e “professionalità” di governo non attirano larghe fette della popolazione. Si tratta di un’idea moderatamente diffusa,...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Chi vota per politici come il candidato alla presidenza brasiliana Aecio Neves, così come molti dei simpatizzanti del suo partito (Partito Socialdemocratico Brasiliano, Psdb), spesso va in confusione quando scopre che idee come “efficienza” nel settore pubblico, “cura choc”, e “professionalità” di governo non attirano larghe fette della popolazione. Si tratta di un’idea moderatamente diffusa, appoggiata anche nel governo dello stato di Pernambuco (più come programma elettorale che come azione) da Eduardo Campos, morto il dodici agosto scorso. È l’idea secondo cui c’è, o almeno dovrebbe esserci, una separazione vitale tra la politica e l’amministrazione pubblica; tra l’ideologia e l’efficienza. Ma l’idea della professionalizzazione della politica, che consiste nel mettere i “tecnici” al governo per “gestire” la cosa pubblica come se fosse una normale organizzazione della società civile, è di per sé profondamente ideologica.</p>
<p>È neanche una delle ideologie più recenti: Thorstein Veblen parlava di una tecnocrazia formata da ingegneri già negli anni venti. Veblen, nel suo famoso <em>The Engineers and the Price System</em> parla degli ingegneri (i “tecnici”) come di una classe di persone in grado di promuovere i principi della “gestione scientifica” rivolta alla produzione, opposti ad un sistema di mercato in cui i prezzi fungono da segnale. Veblen non vedeva niente di strano in un’organizzazione corporativa, che lui voleva far assurgere a modello universale e fondamento della società, eliminando le limitazioni tecniche di quelli che lui chiamava “valori industriali”. A loro volta, questi ultimi erano dipendevano dall’efficienza produttiva e non avevano niente a che vedere con gli incentivi del mercato; anzi, vi si opponevano.</p>
<p>Veblen promosse le sue idee riguardo l’industria e la tecnologia come punto di partenza di quella società basata su una produzione di massa da lui immaginata. Questa società, e i suoi valori, avrebbe dovuto far nascere, tramite i lavoratori dell’industria, una nuova forma di democrazia, gestita in maniera innovativa in modo da promuovere l’efficienza, la conoscenza tecnica e l’amministrazione della cosa pubblica. Ovvero una macchina perfettamente calibrata per il dominio e il controllo della società.</p>
<p>Questo ideale distopico riuscì a trovare adepti. Nel corso del ventesimo subì poche modifiche, perlopiù ad opera di progressisti come Joseph Schumpeter e John Kenneth Galbraith. Oggi ne sentiamo parlare soprattutto per bocca dei politici, che pensano di parlare con la voce dell’innovazione quando sostengono la necessità di mettere specialisti in posizioni di governo. È anche una comoda ideologia per un gran numero di burocrati perché non mette in dubbio l’esistenza di un dato incarico di governo, ma semplicemente si chiede chi dovrebbe ricoprirlo. La questione non è se un governo è necessario o meno, ma chi andrà a governare. Chi vorremmo sul Trono di Ferro se non uno “specialista”? Qualcuno che non si lasci trascinare da passioni politico-ideologiche, ma da quei “valori industriali” vagheggiati da Veblen. Qualcuno che olii gli ingranaggi di quel grande macchinario che è la società.</p>
<p>Certo sono tutte sciocchezze, perché quando parliamo di politica parliamo di ideologia, di priorità, della scelta di un obiettivo collettivo piuttosto che di un altro. Ma non ci sono fini sociali, a meno che non si consideri la somma dei singoli obiettivi individuali in senso puramente metaforico. Che poi è la ragione per cui non è possibile affidare la gestione della cosa pubblica al controllo degli esperti, perché la definizione stessa di “gestione della cosa pubblica” è una questione ideologica soggetta a negoziati politici e opposizioni.</p>
<p>Non è possibile rimuovere l’ideologia dal governo perché il governo stesso è un’ideologia: l’ideologia del potere, del controllo e della soppressione della dissidenza. L’ideologia della conformità, della dimensione macro-sociale, della società intesa come astrazione, mai riconducibile alle sue componenti individuali.</p>
<p>Governare, lungi dall’essere un’attività senza ideologie e programmi, consiste nel cucire assieme i programma della maggioranza all’interno di una gerarchia. Non c’è da meravigliarsi se il movimento anarchico tende storicamente verso rapporti orizzontali e la creazione del consenso come strategia che consenta di evitare la nascita di maggioranze e di strutture burocratiche di potere. Questa idea di un rapporto orizzontale ha l’obiettivo di mitigare gli effetti di particolari ideologie quando queste vengono applicate alla collettività. Al contrario una tecnocrazia, con il suo tentativo di razionalizzare i processi, ricorda un dispotismo illuminato. Certo è positivo che un processo socialmente desiderabile debba essere efficiente e consenta un risparmio di risorse, ma prima dobbiamo sapere quali sono i processi socialmente desiderabili. E non lo sappiamo.</p>
<p>È molto ironico il fatto che i politici di lungo corso siano i più grandi (e forse i più cinici) proponenti del credo tecnocratico. Lo stesso Aecio Neves, nonostante i suoi richiami all’amministrazione tecnocratica, è specializzato in una sola cosa: la poltrona. È stato direttore di una grossa banca pubblica, segretario alla presidenza, deputato, governatore e senatore.</p>
<p>Forse Aecio Neves oggi è un fantoccio della retorica che lui stesso ha messo su; un ostaggio. Perché Aecio Neves non è mai stato un tecnico; il tecnico è quello che realizza i suoi programmi politici.</p>
<p><a href="http://pulgarias.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Traduzione di Enrico Sanna</a>.</p>
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		<title>Elections and the Technocratic Ideology</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/31304</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Sep 2014 18:00:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Erick Vasconcelos]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[People who vote for politicians such as Brazilian presidential candidate Aecio Neves, as well as many of his party&#8217;s supporters (the Social Democracy Brazilian Party, PSDB), are often dumbfounded when they find out how unappealing ideas of &#8220;efficiency&#8221; in the public sector, &#8220;management shock,&#8221; and &#8220;professionalization&#8221; in government are to a large sector of the population. It&#8217;s...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>People who vote for politicians such as Brazilian presidential candidate Aecio Neves, as well as many of his party&#8217;s supporters (the Social Democracy Brazilian Party, PSDB), are often dumbfounded when they find out how unappealing ideas of &#8220;efficiency&#8221; in the public sector, &#8220;management shock,&#8221; and &#8220;professionalization&#8221; in government are to a large sector of the population. It&#8217;s a moderately widespread idea, also spearheaded in the Pernambuco state government (more as a campaign bullet point than real actions) by Eduardo Campos, who died on August 12. The belief is that there is — or at least should be — a vital separation between the public administration and politics; between ideology and efficiency. However, the idea of professionalizing politics, putting &#8220;technicians&#8221; in government positions, and &#8220;managing&#8221; public affairs like ordinary organizations in society is, in itself, deeply ideological.</p>
<p>And it isn&#8217;t one of the youngest ideologies: Thorstein Veblen talked about his technocracy of engineers in the 1920s. Veblen, in his well-known <em>The Engineers and the Price System</em> described engineers (&#8220;technicians&#8221;) as the class capable of promoting the principles of &#8220;scientific management&#8221; for production — as opposed to a system of market production with effective price signaling. Veblen didn&#8217;t have any problems with the corporate organization and intended to universalize its model as the foundation of society, eliminating technical limitations to what he termed &#8220;industrial values,&#8221; which were connected to productive efficiency (and had nothing to do with, and indeed were opposed to, market incentives).</p>
<p>Veblen championed his ideas on industry and technique as the starting point of the mass production society he envisioned. That society and its values would give rise, through industrial workers, to a new democracy with a new management style that promoted efficiency, technical knowledge and administration. That is, a machine perfectly adjusted to the control and regulation of society.</p>
<p>This dystopian ideal was able to find adherents and modify itself slightly during the 20th century, especially in the works of managerial progressives such as Joseph Schumpeter and John Kenneth Galbraith. Nowadays, we hear it from politicians who may think they speak with the voice of innovation when they say that specialists should fill government positions. It&#8217;s also a convenient ideology for a number of bureaucrats because it doesn&#8217;t ask whether such government positions should exist at all, but only who should fill them. It&#8217;s not about being governed or not, it&#8217;s about who is going to do the governing. Who would we want to sit on the Iron Throne if not a &#8220;specialist?&#8221; Someone who wouldn&#8217;t be driven by politico-ideological passions, but by the &#8220;industrial values&#8221; Veblen cherished. Someone to oil up the gears of this great machinery that is society.</p>
<p>That is all hogwash, of course, because when we talk about politics, we talk about ideology — about prioritizing, about choosing one collective goal as preferable to another. However, there are no macro social ends, at least not apart from a sum of individual goals or as a mere metaphor. Which is also the reason why it isn&#8217;t possible to put public management under the control of experts, because the very definition of what constitutes &#8220;public management&#8221; is an ideological question subject to political negotiation and resistance.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s impossible to remove ideology from government because government is an ideology: The ideology of power, control and suppression of dissidence. The ideology of conformity, of the macro-social, of the idea of society as an abstraction, never reducible to its individual components.</p>
<p>Governing, far from an activity without ideology and plans, is the stitching of majority plans within hierarchy. It&#8217;s no wonder that anarchist movements have historically tended to horizontalism and consensus-building as strategies to avoid the formation of majorities and bureaucratic power structures. These ideas of horizontalism are intended to mitigate the effects of particular ideologies when applied to the collective. In contrast, technocracy looks like a form of enlightened despotism with its attempt to rationalize processes. Of course, it&#8217;s a positive thing that socially desirable processes should be efficient and demand less resources &#8212; but we must first know which ones are the socially desirable processes. They&#8217;re not a given.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s somewhat ironic that lifelong politicians are the biggest (and maybe the most cynical) proponents of the technocratic creed. Aecio Neves himself, despite his claims of technical prowess in administration, is a specialist in one thing only: Getting positions in the government. He&#8217;s been the director of a large state bank, secretary of the presidency, deputy, governor, senator.</p>
<p>It may be the case that Aecio Neves nowadays is a puppet of the narrative he&#8217;s built for himself, replicating it as a hostage of his own rhetoric. Because Aecio has never been a technician; the technicians are the arms that execute his political plans.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
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<li>Italian, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/31723" target="_blank">Elezioni e Ideologia Tecnocratica</a>.</li>
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