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		<title>AEI’s Perry Ignores the Unseen on Feed 44</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/34661</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2015 20:00:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[James Tuttle]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Feed 44]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[C4SS Feed 44 presents Cory Massimino&#8216;s “AEI’s Perry Ignores the Unseen” read by James Tuttle and edited by Nick Ford. Perry does have a point where federal income taxes are concerned. “After transfer payments, households in the bottom 60% are ‘net recipients’ with negative income tax rates, while only the top two ‘net payer’ income quintiles had positive...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>C4SS Feed 44 presents <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/cory-massimino" target="_blank">Cory Massimino</a>&#8216;s “<a href="http://c4ss.org/content/33652" target="_blank">AEI’s Perry Ignores the Unseen</a>” read by James Tuttle and edited by Nick Ford.</p>
<p><iframe width="500" height="375" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/2nSyEJWOKns?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<p>Perry does have a point where federal income taxes are concerned. “After transfer payments, households in the bottom 60% are ‘net recipients’ with negative income tax rates, while only the top two ‘net payer’ income quintiles had positive tax rates after transfers in 2011.” The income tax burden falls heavily on the higher income quintiles.</p>
<p>But the tax code is far from the only factor that determines whether or not a particular quintile pays its “fair share.” To determine this, we need to move beyond vacuous political rhetoric like “fair share.” While greedy politicians endlessly and manipulatively repeat the phrase, it’s unclear what people — including Perry — even mean when they use it.</p>
<p>The economic relationship between the quintiles is the real issue. It’s clear where AEI’s thought leaders stand. They view the relationship between the upper and lower quintiles as one of exploitation, where certain quintiles extract value from the others. They just have the relationship reversed.</p>
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		<title>Quando si Ignora Ciò che non si Vede</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/33860</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 30 Nov 2014 12:00:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Cory Massimino]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Italian]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Nel suo classico Quel che si Vede e quel che non si Vede, Frédéric Bastiat osserva: “Tra un cattivo economista e un buon economista c’è una sola differenza: Il cattivo economista considera unicamente gli effetti visibili; il buon economista prende in considerazione sia gli effetti visibili che quelli che andrebbero previsti.” Mark J. Perry, dell’American...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nel suo classico <i>Quel che si Vede e quel che non si Vede</i>, Frédéric Bastiat osserva: “Tra un cattivo economista e un buon economista c’è una sola differenza: Il cattivo economista considera unicamente gli effetti <i>visibili</i>; il buon economista prende in considerazione sia gli effetti visibili che quelli che andrebbero <i>previsti</i>.” Mark J. Perry, dell’American Enterprise Institute (AEI), sta <a href="http://www.aei.org/publication/new-cbo-study-shows-rich-dont-just-pay-fair-share-pay-almost-everybodys-share/?utm_source=web&amp;utm_medium=facebook&amp;utm_campaign=111814">dalla parte dei “cattivi”</a> in questa classificazione di Bastiat.</p>
<p>Leggendo un <a href="http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/49440-distribution-of-income-and-taxes.pdf">rapporto sugli introiti provenienti dalle tasse federali sul reddito</a> scritto dalla Commissione Bilancio del Congresso (Cbo), Perry deduce: “i ricchi pagano più della loro giusta quota del carico fiscale, e sarebbe ora che cominciassimo a chiederci se non è semmai il 60% più povero a non pagare la sua quota equa.” L’argomento ha a che fare più con l’analisi di classe che con le tasse. Nascosto nell’ombra, infatti, c’è l’intervento statale che infetta ogni transazione economica.</p>
<p>Perry ha ragione quando parla della tassa federale sul reddito. “Nel 2011, al termine del processo di trasferimento della ricchezza, il 60% più povero delle unità famigliari risultava ‘incassatore netto’ con un’aliquota negativa, mentre il restante 40% era formato da ‘pagatori netti’ con un’aliquota positiva. Il peso della tassa sul reddito dunque ricade pesantemente sui due quintili più ricchi.</p>
<p>Ma il fisco non è affatto l’unico fattore da prendere in considerazione se si vuole capire se un dato quintile paga o meno la sua “quota equa”. Dobbiamo andare oltre termini politici vuoti come “quota equa”. Se gli avidi politici non fanno altro che ripetere strumentalmente l’espressione, non è chiaro cosa intenda la gente, compreso Perry, quando la usa.</p>
<p class="p3">La vera questione è la relazione tra i vari quintili della popolazione. Da che parte stiano le menti dell’AEI non è chiaro. Pensano che la relazione tra i quintili più ricchi e quelli più poveri sia una relazione di sfruttamento, ovvero una parte estrae ricchezza dal resto. A parti invertite, però.</p>
<p>In un mercato libero, la relazione tra quintili (sempre che esistano) sarebbe simbiotica, caratterizzata dal mutuo interesse personale e dal mutuo profitto. Dopotutto, in un mercato libero affinché ci sia un interscambio occorre che entrambe le parti ne traggano beneficio. Chiunque sia libero di disporre di ciò che possiede e di scegliere autonomamente è anche libero di partecipare spontaneamente a qualunque interscambio mutuamente vantaggioso.</p>
<p class="p3">La cosa cambia quando ci sono coercizioni. Quando il potere diventa un fattore di una transazione precedentemente volontaria, la relazione tra le parti diventa una relazione di sfruttamento piuttosto che di mutuo beneficio. E il problema è che noi <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/13192">non</a> <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/15952">viviamo</a> <a href="http://fee.org/the_freeman/detail/health-care-and-radical-monopoly">in</a> <a href="http://fee.org/the_freeman/detail/how-intellectual-property-impedes-competition">un</a> <a href="http://mises.org/sites/default/files/What%20Has%20Government%20Done%20to%20Our%20Money_3.pdf">mercato</a> <a href="http://praxeology.net/RC-BRS.htm">libero</a>. Viviamo in un mercato dominato dal potere statale.</p>
<p>Se è vero che la politica fiscale va contro i ricchi, è anche vero che gran parte delle restanti politiche sortiscono l’effetto contrario. Gran parte delle leggi nascoste nell’ombra del mondo economico promuove la concentrazione del potere economico nelle mani di poche, ricche clientele politicamente protette.</p>
<p>La politica monetaria, ad esempio, premia chi per primo riceve la nuova moneta (le grandi banche) a <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/10258">spese</a> di tutti gli altri, che poi devono fronteggiare l’aumento dei prezzi quando i nuovi dollari arrivano a loro. Poi c’è la proprietà intellettuale, che crea e <a href="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/intellectual-property-a-libertarian-critique.pdf">protegge diritti artificiali</a> e impedisce ai nuovi arrivati di competere. E ancora leggi urbanistiche, ordini professionali, regolamenti sulla sicurezza, requisiti di capitalizzazione e altre forme di burocratismo che <a href="http://fee.org/the_freeman/detail/scratching-by-how-government-creates-poverty-as-we-know-it">frenano la competizione e beneficiano</a> le grandi imprese già nel mercato a spese di quelle più piccole, dei potenziali concorrenti, di chi è agli inizi e di tutte quelle <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/25075">forme di impiego alternativo</a>. E la lista non finisce qui.</p>
<p>Lo stato è responsabile della disuguaglianza strutturale, ma riesce a confondere i sostenitori del libero mercato inducendoli ad accusare il quintile sbagliato con politiche secondarie (come le tasse e i trasferimenti). Perry si limita agli effetti <i>visibili</i> dell’attuale politica fiscale, ignorando gli effetti <i>invisibili</i> di altri interventi statali nascosti nell’ombra, che frenano ogni possibile concorrenza e innovazione. In breve, il clientelismo e una politica che concentra la ricchezza non fanno altro che impedire un mercato altrimenti libero, e più che compensano gli effetti della tassazione.</p>
<p><a href="http://pulgarias.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Traduzione di Enrico Sanna</a>.</p>
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		<title>AEI&#8217;s Perry Ignores the Unseen</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/33652</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/33652#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2014 19:00:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Cory Massimino]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[In his classic essay, What is Seen and What is Not Seen, Frederic Bastiat remarks, “There is only one difference between a bad economist and a good one: The bad economist confines himself to the visible effect; the good economist takes into account both the effect that can be seen and those effects that must be foreseen.” The American...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In his classic essay, <a href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Bastiat/basEss1.html"><em>What is Seen and What is Not Seen</em></a><em>, </em>Frederic Bastiat remarks, “There is only one difference between a bad economist and a good one: The bad economist confines himself to the <em>visible</em> effect; the good economist takes into account both the effect that can be seen and those effects that must be <em>foreseen.” </em>The American Enterprise Institute&#8217;s Mark J. Perry <a href="http://www.aei.org/publication/new-cbo-study-shows-rich-dont-just-pay-fair-share-pay-almost-everybodys-share/?utm_source=web&amp;utm_medium=facebook&amp;utm_campaign=111814">finds himself on the &#8220;bad&#8221; side of Bastiat&#8217;s divide</a>.</p>
<p>Perry concludes from a <a href="http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/49440-Distribution-of-Income-and-Taxes.pdf">CBO federal income tax report</a> that, “&#8217;the rich&#8217; are paying beyond their fair share of the total tax burden, and we might want to start asking if the bottom 60% of ‘net recipient’ households are really paying their fair share.” But there is more to class analysis than taxes. Other government interventions lurk in the background, infecting every economic transaction.</p>
<p>Perry does have a point where federal income taxes are concerned. “After transfer payments, households in the bottom 60% are &#8216;net recipients&#8217; with negative income tax rates, while only the top two &#8216;net payer&#8217; income quintiles had positive tax rates after transfers in 2011.” The income tax burden falls heavily on the higher income quintiles.</p>
<p>But the tax code is far from the only factor that determines whether or not a particular quintile pays its “fair share.” To determine this, we need to move beyond vacuous political rhetoric like “fair share.” While greedy politicians endlessly and manipulatively repeat the phrase, it’s unclear what people &#8212; including Perry &#8212; even mean when they use it.</p>
<p>The economic relationship between the quintiles is the real issue. It’s clear where AEI&#8217;s thought leaders stand. They view the relationship between the upper and lower quintiles as one of exploitation, where certain quintiles extract value from the others. They just have the relationship reversed.</p>
<p>In a freed market, the relationship between quintiles (<a href="http://c4ss.org/content/10602">to the extent that they would exist</a>) would be symbiotic, characterized by mutual self-interest and mutual gains. After all, an exchange only happens in a freed market when both parties expect to benefit. People free to dispose of their own property and make their own choices naturally engage in cooperatively advantageous trade.</p>
<p>When coercion enters the picture, the story changes. When force is introduced into a previously voluntary transaction, the relationship becomes one of exploitation rather than mutual benefit. And the fact is that we <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/13192">don’t</a> <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/15952">live</a> <a href="http://fee.org/the_freeman/detail/health-care-and-radical-monopoly">in</a> <a href="http://fee.org/the_freeman/detail/how-intellectual-property-impedes-competition">a</a> <a href="http://mises.org/sites/default/files/What%20Has%20Government%20Done%20to%20Our%20Money_3.pdf">freed</a> <a href="http://praxeology.net/RC-BRS.htm">market</a>. We live in a market dominated by state violence.</p>
<p>While the federal tax code is skewed against the rich, the great majority of other government policy has the opposite effect. Most laws that lurk in the background of the economy promote the concentration of economic power in the hands of a few, politically entrenched rich cronies.</p>
<p>Monetary policy rewards the first receivers of new money (big banks) at <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/10258">the expense</a> of everyone else who face higher prices once the new dollars trickle down to them. Intellectual property <a href="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/intellectual-property-a-libertarian-critique.pdf">protects artificial rights</a> and prevents newcomers from competing. Zoning laws, licensing restrictions, safety regulations, capitalization requirements, and other kinds of red tape <a href="http://fee.org/the_freeman/detail/scratching-by-how-government-creates-poverty-as-we-know-it">impede competition and benefit already existing</a>, larger firms at the expense of smaller firms, potential newcomers, start-ups, and <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/25075">alternative forms of employment</a>. The list goes on.</p>
<p>That state is responsible for structural inequality, but tricks free market advocates into blaming the wrong income quintiles with secondary policies (like taxes and transfers). Perry focuses on the <em>seen</em> effects of current tax policy, ignoring the largely <em>unseen </em>effects of other, background government interventions that prevent would-be competition and would-be innovation. Statist cronyism and wealth-concentrating policies continually stifle the would-be free market and far outweigh the effects of after-the-fact taxation.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
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<li>Italian, <a href=" http://c4ss.org/content/33860" target="_blank">Quando si Ignora Ciò che non si Vede</a>.</li>
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