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	<title>Center for a Stateless Society &#187; Google</title>
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	<description>building public awareness of left-wing market anarchism</description>
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		<title>Privacidade 2014: Google como braço da vigilância estatal</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/30163</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/30163#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Aug 2014 00:30:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Thomas L. Knapp]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Portuguese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[privacidade]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[segurança]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vigilância]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Condenado em 1994 pelo abuso sexual de um garoto, John Henry Skillern, do Texas, está novamente preso e aguarda julgamento, desta vez por posse e produção de pornografia infantil. A prisão de Skillern é cortesia do Google. Poucos, espero eu, devem derramar lágrimas por Skillern, dadas as suas acusações de crimes sexuais. Contudo, seu caso...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Condenado em 1994 pelo abuso sexual de um garoto, John Henry Skillern, do Texas, está novamente preso e aguarda julgamento, desta vez por posse e produção de pornografia infantil. A prisão de Skillern é <a href="http://www.cnet.com/news/google-sees-alleged-child-porn-in-mans-email-alerts-police/">cortesia do Google</a>. Poucos, espero eu, devem derramar lágrimas por Skillern, dadas as suas acusações de crimes sexuais. Contudo, seu caso novamente coloca o Google sob os holofotes, mostrando que é um braço dos &#8220;agentes da lei&#8221;.</p>
<p>O Google não faz segredo do fato de que &#8220;analisa o conteúdo&#8221; de emails enviados e recebidos em seu serviço Gmail, na maior parte das vezes para publicar anúncios para usuários com a maior probabilidade de clicar neles. É assim que o Google ganha dinheiro — rastreando os usuários de seus serviços &#8220;gratuitos&#8221;, analisando o que fazem e vendendo os olhos deles para os clientes.</p>
<p>A maioria das pessoas também compreende que o Google, como afirmado em sua <a href="http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/">política de privacidade</a>, &#8220;comparilhará informações pessoais (&#8230;) para cumprimento de leis, regulações, processos legais ou requerimentos governamentais&#8221;. Se os policiais aparecerem batendo na porta com um mandado, o Google coopera com a busca e a apreensão de suas informações e registros de suas ações.</p>
<p>Mas o Google vai ainda mais longe. As <a href="https://www.gmail.com/intl/en/mail/help/program_policies.html">políticas do Gmail</a> afirmam inequivocamente que, entre outras coisas, o &#8220;Google tem uma política de tolerância zero em relação a imagens de abuso sexual infantil. Se percebebermos a existência desse tipo de conteúdo, entraremos em contato com as autoridades e podemos tomar ações disciplinares, inclusive o término da prestação dos serviços das contas Google dos envolvidos&#8221;.</p>
<p>Enquanto anarquista de mercado, minha resposta visceral ao caso Skillern é &#8220;justo — eram os termos de serviço com que ele concordou quando fez sua conta no Gmail&#8221;.</p>
<p>Mas há um abismo entre &#8220;nós vamos deixar o governo olhar as suas coisas se eles insistirem&#8221; e &#8220;nós vamos ficar de olhos abertos vigiando coisas que o governo possa querer ver&#8221;. Esta última posição, em questões de privacidade, é o começo de caminho muito perigoso.</p>
<p>Quais os perigos? Bem, considere o interesse do Google na &#8220;geolocalização&#8221; (saber onde você está e na &#8220;internet das coisas&#8221; (conectar até a torradeira, o ar condicionado e o seu carro à internet, com o Google como intermediário).</p>
<p>Não está fora de questão que o Google, no futuro, enquanto você dirige pelas ruas, rastreie sua localização e alerte automaticamente as autoridades se perceber que você está dirigindo a 65 km/h em uma área de 60 km/h.</p>
<p>Pensa que isso não pode acontecer? Pense de novo. Em vários locais, multas são automaticamente enviadas a supostos violadores de condutas de trânsito pegos por câmeras. Não é necessário nem mesmo um guarda de trânsito. É uma das fontes de lucro para o governo — e para as empresas que instalam e operam câmeras no trânsito. Caso você não tenha percebido, o Google gosta muito de lucrar através da geração de informação.</p>
<p>Lembre-se de que você é um criminoso. Sim, de verdade. Se você mora nos Estados Unidos, de acordo com o livro de Per Harvey Silverglate <em>Three Felonies a Day</em>, o americano médio viola pelo menos 3 leis federais a cada período de 24 horas. Quer apostar na probabilidade de que a evidência desses &#8220;crimes&#8221; possa ser detectada em seu arquivo de email?</p>
<p>Em grande parte, a internet tornou obsoletas nossas velhas concepções sobre privacidade e sobre qual o grau de privacidade que podemos esperar dela. Pessoalmente, eu estou satisfeito com isso — estou mais do que disposto a deixar o Google analisar meus dados pessoais para fazer anúncios melhores para me mostrar em troca de seus serviços &#8220;gratuitos&#8221;. Por outro lado, eu gostaria que houvessem alguns limites. E acho que o mercado é capaz de estabelecê-los.</p>
<p>Três mecanismos de limitação de mercado que me ocorrem são a criptografia &#8220;end-to-end&#8221;, serviços de ofuscamento da localização geográfica e a relocação de servidores em países com maior respeito pela privacidade e menos medo de governos poderosos como o dos Estados Unidos. Se o Google não pode ou não tem interesse em prover esses serviços, outros o farão (na verdade, vários já o fazem).</p>
<p>O mecanismo político convencional para limitar os maus atores políticos como o Google seria uma legislação que proíbe empresas de internet de &#8220;procurar e relatar&#8221; qualquer coisa sem que haja um mandado governamental e causa provável para acreditar que um crime foi cometido. Esses mecanismos políticos, porém, não funcionam. Como a exposição das ações ilegais da Agência Nacional de Segurança dos EUA por Edward Snowden mostrou, o governo simplesmente ignora as leis de que não gosta.</p>
<p>Ao invés de buscar soluções políticas, eu sugiro uma quarta solução de mercado. A abolição do estado. O problema não é tanto o que o Google registra ou analisa. Essas coisas são apenas acordos entre o Google e os usuários. O problema é a quem o Google pode repassar as suas informações.</p>
<p><em>Traduzido para o português por <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/erick-vasconcelos">Erick Vasconcelos</a>.</em></p>
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		<title>Privacy 2014: Google as an Arm of the Surveillance State</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/30136</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/30136#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2014 18:00:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Thomas L. Knapp]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[surveillance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[united states]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=30136</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Convicted in 1994 of sexually assaulting a young boy, John Henry Skillern of Texas once again finds himself incarcerated and awaiting trial, this time for possession and production of child pornography. Skillern&#8217;s arrest comes courtesy of Google. Few, I expect, will shed tears for Skillern with respect to his alleged sexual predations. Nonetheless his case once more...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Convicted in 1994 of sexually assaulting a young boy, John Henry Skillern of Texas once again finds himself incarcerated and awaiting trial, this time for possession and production of child pornography. <a href="http://www.cnet.com/news/google-sees-alleged-child-porn-in-mans-email-alerts-police/">Skillern&#8217;s arrest comes courtesy of Google.</a> Few, I expect, will shed tears for Skillern with respect to his alleged sexual predations. Nonetheless his case once more brings Google into the privacy spotlight, this time as an arm of &#8220;law enforcement.&#8221;</p>
<p>Google makes no secret of the fact that it &#8220;analyzes content&#8221; in emails sent and received by users of its Gmail service, mostly for purposes of targeting advertising to users most likely to click thru and buy things. That&#8217;s how Google makes money &#8212; tracking users of its &#8220;free&#8221; services, watching what they do, selling those users&#8217; eyeballs to paying customers.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s also understood by most that Google will, <a href="http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/" target="_blank">as its privacy policy states</a>, &#8220;share personal information &#8230; [to] meet any applicable law, regulation, legal process or enforceable governmental request.&#8221; If the cops come a-knocking with a warrant or some asserted equivalent, Google cooperates with search and seizure of your stored information and records of your actions.</p>
<p>But Google goes farther than that. Their <a href="https://www.gmail.com/intl/en/mail/help/program_policies.html" target="_blank">Gmail program policies</a> unequivocally state that, among other things, &#8220;Google has a zero-tolerance policy against child sexual abuse imagery. If we become aware of such content, we will report it to the appropriate authorities and may take disciplinary action, including termination, against the Google Accounts of those involved.&#8221;</p>
<p>As a market anarchist, my visceral response to the Skillern case is &#8220;fair cop &#8212; it&#8217;s in the terms of service he agreed to when he signed up for a Gmail account.&#8221;</p>
<p>But there&#8217;s a pretty large gap between &#8220;we&#8217;ll let the government look at your stuff if they insist&#8221; and &#8220;we&#8217;ll keep an eye out for stuff that the government might want to see.&#8221; The latter, with respect to privacy, represents the top of a very slippery slope.</p>
<p>How slippery? Well, consider Google&#8217;s interests in &#8220;geolocation&#8221; (knowing where you are) and  in &#8220;the Internet of Things&#8221;  (connecting everything from your toaster to your thermostat to your car to the Internet, with Google as middleman).</p>
<p>It&#8217;s not out of the question that someday as you drive down the road, Google will track you and automatically message the local police department if it notices you&#8217;re driving 38 miles per hour in a 35-mph speed zone.</p>
<p>Think that can&#8217;t happen? Think again. In many locales, tickets (demanding payment of fines) are already automatically mailed to alleged red-light scofflaws caught by cameras. No need to even send out an actual cop with pad and pen. It&#8217;s a profit center for government &#8212; and for companies that set up and operate the camera systems. In case you haven&#8217;t noticed, Google really likes information-based profit centers.</p>
<p>And keep in mind that you are a criminal. Yes, really. At least if you live in the United States. Per Harvey Silverglate&#8217;s book <em>Three Felonies a Day</em>, the average American breaks at least three federal laws in every 24-hour period. Want to bet against the probability that evidence of those &#8220;crimes&#8221; can be detected in your email archive?</p>
<p>To a large degree the Internet has killed our old conceptions of what privacy means and to what extent we can expect it. Personally I&#8217;m down with that &#8212; I&#8217;m more than willing to let Google pry into my personal stuff to better target the ads it shows me, in exchange for its &#8220;free&#8221; services. On the other hand I&#8217;d like some limits. And I think that markets are capable of setting those limits.</p>
<p>Three market limiting mechanisms that come to mind are &#8220;end to end&#8221; encryption, services for obfuscating geographic location and locating servers in countries with more respect for privacy and less fear of &#8220;big dog&#8221; governments like the United States. If Google can&#8217;t or won&#8217;t provide those, someone else will (actually a number of someones already are).</p>
<p>The standard political mechanism for reining in bad actors like Google would be legislation forbidding Internet service companies to &#8220;look for and report&#8221; anything to government absent a warrant issued on probable cause to believe a crime has been committed. But such political mechanisms don&#8217;t work. As Edward Snowden&#8217;s exposure of the US National Security Agency&#8217;s illegal spying operations demonstrates, government ignores laws it doesn&#8217;t like.</p>
<p>Instead of seeking political solutions, I suggest a fourth market solution: Abolition of the state. The problem is not so much what Google tracks or what it might want to act on. Those are all a matter of agreement between Google and its users. The bigger problem is who Google might report you TO.</p>
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		<title>Existe o direito a ser esquecido?</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/27953</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/27953#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2014 00:30:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Thomas L. Knapp]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Portuguese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[direito a ser esquecido]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[direitos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[internet]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[privacidade]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=27953</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Todos parecem apreciar a privacidade — tanto que, com frequência, expandimos o conceito e usamos a expressão &#8220;direitos de privacidade&#8221;, indicando que não apenas se trata de algo bom, mas algo a que todos temos direito. Isso, contudo, nos deixa sem a resposta para uma importante pergunta: Até que ponto e em que aspectos? Mês...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Todos parecem apreciar a privacidade — tanto que, com frequência, expandimos o conceito e usamos a expressão &#8220;direitos de privacidade&#8221;, indicando que não apenas se trata de algo bom, mas algo a que todos temos direito. Isso, contudo, nos deixa sem a resposta para uma importante pergunta: Até que ponto e em que aspectos? Mês passado, a <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/13/right-to-be-forgotten-eu-court-google-search-results">Corte Europeia de Justiça ofereceu uma resposta interessante a essa pergunta</a>, estabelecendo o &#8220;direito a ser esquecido&#8221;.</p>
<p>O tribunal, julgando um processo aberto por Mario González, na Espanha, ordenou que o Google removesse de suas buscas um artigo de jornal de 1998 que falava do leilão público da casa de González. González não afirmava que o artigo era inverídico ou impreciso. Afirmava, apenas, que as informações relativas a ele (em particular, informações que possam colocá-lo em situação desvantajosa, de forma justificada ou não, se facilmente disponíveis aos outros) devem ser colocadas sob seu controle exclusivo, indisponíveis a buscas na internet.</p>
<p>Assim nasceu o &#8220;direito a ser esquecido&#8221; — ou melhor, esquecido pelo Google. <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27631001">O Google tem cooperado</a>: disponibilizaram um processo online para aqueles que desejam que informações específicas sobre si próprios sejam removidas dos índices de busca. O critério do tribunal para avaliar esses pedidos é que a informação em questão seja &#8220;inadequada, irrelevante ou que tenha deixado de ser relevante&#8221;, embora essas regras abram o caminho para a questão de quem decide o que é ou não adequado ou relevante.</p>
<p>O caso de Mario González e seu resultado lidam com diversas questões que libertários civis e políticos, além dos próprios anarquistas, como eu mesmo, têm enfrentado há algum tempo. Embora seja incontestável que a privacidade seja bastante valorizada, não é óbvio como os processos de mercado produziriam resultados similares aos atingidos pelas cortes estatais ao lidar com esses problemas.</p>
<p>De fato, aqueles que acreditam que os &#8220;direitos de privacidade&#8221; sejam tão amplos quanto a corte europeia parece considerar (ou ainda maiores), a decisão pode constituir um argumento em favor do estado de poderes &#8220;limitados&#8221; (embora a decisão de um tribunal em Luxemburgo sobre um caso que envolva um espanhol contra uma empresa nos Estados Unidos em relação a conteúdo disponível em uma rede mundial não pareça algo tão &#8220;limitado&#8221;, certo?).</p>
<p>A mim, parece que a decisão evidencia o oposto. O fato de que os processos de mercado não produziriam resultados como os do estado é evidência de que as cortes estão indo longe demais em sua defesa dos &#8220;direitos de privacidade&#8221;. Se forem direitos legítimos, eles não são tão extensos quanto a decisão afirma.</p>
<p>Neste caso específico, o processo parece envolver não uma questão de privacidade, mas relativa à &#8220;propriedade intelectual&#8221;. González não afirma que o Google olhou para dentro de sua janela e o viu escrever uma nota sobre o leilão de 1998. Ele reconhece que, naquela época, se tratava de um evento público. Porém, agora ele afirma que, 16 anos depois, ele é &#8220;dono&#8221; do conhecimento daquele evento e tem direitos de controle sobre ele, enquanto o Google não os possui.</p>
<p>Nós chegamos a um ponto em que os esforços de proteção à privacidade devem navegar entre a Cila da informação livre e a Caribdis dos monopólios estatais de propriedade intelectual. Em minha opinião, a ideia de que a liberdade de informação seja um monstro ameaçador como Cila é fantasiosa. O poder do estado ao forçar o esquecimento é muito mais perigoso que qualquer informação que se possa liberar.</p>
<p><em>Traduzido do inglês para o português por <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/erick-vasconcelos">Erick Vasconcelos</a>.</em></p>
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		<title>Privacy 2014: Is There a &#8220;Right to be Forgotten?&#8221;</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/27870</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/27870#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 02 Jun 2014 18:00:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Thomas L. Knapp]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hierarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[monopoly]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[privacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[right to be forgotten]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[right to privacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[state]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=27870</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Everyone seems to like privacy &#8212; so much so that we often expand the term into the social concept of &#8220;privacy rights,&#8221; indicating that privacy isn&#8217;t just a good thing but something to which we are all entitled. This leaves unanswered an important question: &#8220;To what degree and in what respects?&#8221; Last month the European...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Everyone seems to like privacy &#8212; so much so that we often expand the term into the social concept of &#8220;privacy rights,&#8221; indicating that privacy isn&#8217;t just a good thing but something to which we are all entitled. This leaves unanswered an important question: &#8220;To what degree and in what respects?&#8221; Last month <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/13/right-to-be-forgotten-eu-court-google-search-results" target="_blank">the European Court of Justice offered up an interesting answer</a> to that question, positing a &#8220;right to be forgotten.&#8221;</p>
<p>The court, pursuant to a lawsuit filed by Mario Gonzales of Spain, ordered Google to remove from its search results a 1998 newspaper article concerning the public auction of Gonzales&#8217;s repossessed home. Gonzales did not claim the article was untrue or inaccurate. Instead, he asserted that information pertaining to him (in particular, information which might disadvantage him, justifiably or not, if made easily available to others) should be placed under his exclusive control with respect to Internet search results.</p>
<p>Thus was born the &#8220;right to be forgotten&#8221; &#8212; or forgotten by Google, at any rate.  <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27631001" target="_blank">Google is cooperating</a>: They&#8217;ve set up an online claim/application process for those who want specific pieces of information removed from their public search indices. The court&#8217;s criterion for evaluating these claims is that the information is question is &#8220;inadequate, irrelevant or no longer relevant,&#8221; although that raises the further conundrum of who decides questions of adequacy and relevance.</p>
<p>This case and its outcome touch on several issues with which civil and political libertarians, not to mention anarchists like myself, have wrestled for some time. While it seems incontestable that &#8220;privacy&#8221; is a valued thing, it&#8217;s not obvious just how market processes might produce similar outcomes with respect to claims like Gonzales&#8217;s versus the way a powerful state with long-armed courts enforces such claims.</p>
<p>In fact, for those who believe &#8220;privacy rights&#8221; extend as far as the court&#8217;s ruling seems to claim (or even farther), the ruling might itself constitute an argument against anti-statism or even &#8220;limited government&#8221; (a court in Luxembourg enforcing the demands of a plaintiff from Spain against a company in the United States with respect to the informational content of a global network doesn&#8217;t seem very &#8220;limited,&#8221; does it?).</p>
<p>To me, the ruling is evidence of the opposite proposition. The fact that markets would probably not produce the same results as governments have produced means that governments are going too far and that &#8220;privacy rights,&#8221; if they exist at all, do not justly extend so far as this ruling implies.</p>
<p>In this specific case, the claim seems to be less one of privacy and more one of &#8220;intellectual property.&#8221; Gonzales doesn&#8217;t claim that Google peeked through his window and saw him writing down notice of that 1998 auction. He acknowledges that it was, at the time, a publicly reported event. He&#8217;s just claiming that now, 16 years later, he &#8220;owns&#8221; knowledge of that event and is entitled to control it, while Google doesn&#8217;t and isn&#8217;t.</p>
<p>We are at the point where efforts to protect privacy necessarily navigate between the perceived Scylla of &#8220;information wants to be free&#8221; and the Charybdis of state-created &#8220;intellectual property&#8221; monopolies. In my opinion, the idea of information freedom as Scylla is largely fantasy. The power of the state to compel &#8220;forgetfulness&#8221; is far more dangerous than any unintended or unwanted disclosure of truth could possibly be.</p>
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		<title>Les « trolls de brevets » ne sont pas le problème. Les brevets sont le problème.</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/27837</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/27837#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Jun 2014 11:00:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Thomas L. Knapp]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[« Alors qu’Apple se prépare à se défendre dans une affaire de violation de brevet en Europe qui pourrait lui couter des millions, la compagnie et son rival Google sont tous les deux aller demander à la Cour Suprême des USA de permettre d’infliger des pénalités sévères à l’encontre des plaintes triviales » selon Apple Insider. Eh bien,...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>« Alors qu’Apple se prépare à se défendre dans une affaire de violation de brevet en Europe qui pourrait lui couter des millions, la compagnie et son rival Google sont tous les deux aller demander à la Cour Suprême des USA de permettre d’infliger des pénalités sévères à l’encontre des plaintes triviales » <a href="http://appleinsider.com/articles/14/02/05/hit-with-another-2b-damage-claim-apple-joins-google-in-pressing-supreme-court-to-curb-patent-abuse" target="_blank">selon Apple Insider</a>.</p>
<p>Eh bien, il était temps. Mais le problème avec la position d’Apple est qu’une plainte pour violation de brevets – ou un brevet en lui-même – qui ne soit pas triviale, ça n’existe pas.</p>
<p>Il est vrai que les litiges sur les brevets sont devenus de plus en plus absurdes ces dernières années, mais en tant qu’acteur majeur dans cette absurdité (ayant, entre autres idioties, déposé – et reçu ! – <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2012/11/7/3614506/apple-patents-rectangle-with-rounded-corners" target="_blank">un brevet sur les appareils rectangulaires avec des coins arrondis</a>), Apple n’est pas vraiment en position de se plaindre.</p>
<p>Leur produit vedette, la gamme Macintosh, a commencé par une copie, trait pour trait, de l’interface utilisateur aux périphériques (vous avez entendu parler des « souris » ?) du système 1981 Star de Xerox. Et ils ont rapidement poursuivi (avant de s’arranger avec) Amazon pour leurs « droits » sur le terme « app store ». Alors s’il vous plait, ne donnons pas trop de crédit aux inquiétudes d’Apple sur les « trolls de brevets ».</p>
<p>Même si les brevets remplissaient le rôle que l’on nous vend – « sécuriser pour un temps limité un droit exclusif pour les inventeurs sur leurs créations » comme écrit dans la constitution américaine – ils resteraient une très mauvaise idée. Que l’on puisse posséder un idée est absurde, et personne n’y accorderait la moindre crédibilité si ce n’était pas appliqué le flingue sur la tempe par l’état.</p>
<p>Mais le rôle théorique des brevets n’est pas celui qu’ils ont dans la réalité.</p>
<p>Leur utilité réelle est de restreindre la compétition et de limiter l’innovation afin de fournir un avantage économique – c’est à dire un monopole sur la fixation du prix – pour établir quelles firmes, grâce à leur capacité de payer (pardonnez mon manque de délicatesse ; je crois que le terme que je cherche est « lobbying ») des politiciens, bureaucrates et juges, peuvent alors s’offrir le plaisir d’éviter la compétition du marché sur le prix ou la qualité.</p>
<p>Il y a quelques dizaines d’années, je travaillais pour un constructeur de bateaux connu. Un été, j’ai passé plusieurs semaines à faire de la besogne – remorquer des bateaux pour maintenance et les ramener, ce genre de choses – pour le nouveau designer de bateaux que la compagnie avait recruté pour assembler un prototype « suffisamment différent » du dernier bateau qu’il avait conçu (pour une autre firme) afin d’éviter (tout du moins pouvoir facilement gagner) des procédures de « violations ». Je ne sais pas combien est-ce que cette « mise en conformité » (et tout litige futur) représente sur le cout de chaque nouveau bateau, mais il n’y a aucun doute que le prix de vente était affecté.</p>
<p>En d’autres termes, les brevets sont une taxe indirecte pour les consommateurs. Les monopolistes des brevets peuvent faire payer plus cher car le gouvernement se charge de leur supprimer toute concurrence. Et si ces concurrents arrivent à mettre des produits sur le marché, ces produits sont plus chers car il aura fallu dépenser plus pour les licences d’exploitation ou pour contourner les « violations », ou pour payer des assurances afin de se protéger contre le risque de litige sur les brevets.</p>
<p>La plainte d’Apple, au fond, est que les « trolls » de brevets se contentent d’acheter des « droits », puis cherchent des infractions sur lesquelles ils peuvent récupérer de l’argent, au lieu de s’embêter à créer de nouveaux produits. Mais pourquoi ne devraient-ils pas le faire ? Si, comme Apple voudrait nous le faire croire, les brevets sont un instrument de marché légitime, alors les « trolls » exploitent cet outil <em>plus efficacement</em>qu’Apple ne le fait, n’est-ce pas ?</p>
<p>Le problème n’est pas les « trolls de brevets », le problème est le concept de brevet.</p>
<p>Traduction de <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/24371" target="_blank">The Problem Isn’t “Patent Trolls.” The Problem Is Patents.</a> par Thomas L. Knapp.</p>
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		<title>The Problem Isn’t “Patent Trolls.” The Problem Is Patents. On C4SS Media</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/25664</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 23 Mar 2014 19:00:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[James Tuttle]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[C4SS Media presents Thomas L. Knapp&#8216;s “The Problem Isn’t &#8216;Patent Trolls.&#8217; The Problem Is Patents.,” read by James Tuttle and edited by Nick Ford. &#8220;Apple’s complaint, in its essentials, is that patent “trolls” just buy up patent “rights,” then search for infringement to cash in on, rather than going to the trouble of making real products. But why...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>C4SS Media presents <a title="Posts by Thomas L. Knapp" href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/thomaslknapp" rel="author">Thomas L. Knapp</a>&#8216;s “<a href="http://c4ss.org/content/24371" target="_blank">The Problem Isn’t &#8216;Patent Trolls</a>.&#8217; The Problem Is Patents.,” read by James Tuttle and edited by Nick Ford.</p>
<p><iframe width="500" height="375" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/e2Y7vhAZ3Jo?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<p>&#8220;Apple’s complaint, in its essentials, is that patent “trolls” just buy up patent “rights,” then search for infringement to cash in on, rather than going to the trouble of making real products. But why shouldn’t they do that? If, as Apple would have us believe, patents are a legitimate market instrument, then the “trolls” are just exploiting that instrument <em>more efficiently</em> than Apple cares to, right?</p>
<p>The problem isn’t “patent trolls.” The problem is patents.&#8221;</p>
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		<title>Il Problema non sono i Patent Troll. Il Problema Sono i Brevetti</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/24642</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 17 Feb 2014 12:00:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Thomas L. Knapp]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[“Mentre si prepara a difendersi contro una causa da molti miliardi per violazione di brevetti in Europa,” dice Apple Insider, “la Apple si è allineata alle posizioni della rivale Google nel chiedere alla corte suprema americana pene più severe per i patent troll responsabili di cause frivole.” Era ora. Il problema della Apple, però, è...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>“Mentre si prepara a difendersi contro una causa da molti miliardi per violazione di brevetti in Europa,” <a href="http://appleinsider.com/articles/14/02/05/hit-with-another-2b-damage-claim-apple-joins-google-in-pressing-supreme-court-to-curb-patent-abuse">dice Apple Insider</a>, “la Apple si è allineata alle posizioni della rivale Google nel chiedere alla corte suprema americana pene più severe per i patent troll responsabili di cause frivole.”</p>
<p>Era ora. Il problema della Apple, però, è che non esiste una causa relativa ad un brevetto… o un brevetto, se è per questo… che non sia frivola (“<a href="http://it.thefreedictionary.com/frivolo">superficiale, vuoto, che dimostra scarsa serietà</a>”).</p>
<p>È vero che le controversie legali sui brevetti sono diventate sempre più visibilmente sciocche negli ultimi anni, ma come protagonista principale in fatto di sciocchezze (che tra le altre idiozie ha chiesto – e ottenuto! – il <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2012/11/7/3614506/apple-patents-rectangle-with-rounded-corners">brevetto per dispositivi rettangolari con spigoli arrotondati</a>) la Apple non ha molte ragioni per lamentarsi. In questo articolo non c’è abbastanza spazio per esaminare tutte le stupidità in fatto di “proprietà intellettuale” della Apple, ma vediamone due:</p>
<p>Il famoso Macintosh cominciò come copia perfetta, dall’interfaccia alle periferiche (mai sentito parlare di un “mouse”?), del terminale Xerox Star del 1981. E poi: Per qualche tempo denunciò (prima di raggiungere un accordo) la Amazon riguardo il “diritto” ad usare le parole “app store”. Certo che è microscopica la lacrimuccia che merita l’indignazione della Apple per i “patent trolls”.</p>
<p>Anche quando i brevetti si limitano al loro fine dichiarato (come dice la costituzione americana, “assicurare agli inventori, per un periodo limitato, il diritto esclusivo alle loro scoperte”) sono comunque una pessima cosa. Dire che qualcuno può possedere un’idea è dichiaratamente sciocco. Nessuno ci farebbe caso se non ci fosse lo stato ad imporlo con la forza.</p>
<p>Ma il vero fine dei brevetti non è quello dichiarato.</p>
<p>Il vero fine è: restringere la concorrenza e limitare l’innovazione così da dare un vantaggio economico – un vero e proprio potere di monopolio sul prezzo – a quelle imprese che, grazie alla loro capacità di comprare politici, burocrati e giudici (scusate il mio linguaggio rozzo, forse il termine adatto è “fare lobby”), possono realizzare il desiderio di scansare la concorrenza del mercato in materia di prezzi o qualità.</p>
<p>Qualche decennio fa, lavorai per una nota fabbrica di imbarcazioni. Un’estate, passai diverse settimane come tuttofare – tirare in secca e rimettere in acqua le barche, quel genere di cose – per conto del nuovo designer della società, che stava assemblando un prototipo che fosse “abbastanza diverso” dall’ultimo modello che aveva progettato (per un’altra ditta) per evitare (o almeno contrastare efficacemente) una denuncia. Io non so quanto influisse questa roba del “rispetto dei brevetti” (e i conseguenti ricorsi) sul costo di ogni imbarcazione prodotta, ma non c’è dubbio che influiva sul prezzo finale.</p>
<p>In altre parole, i brevetti sono una tassa indiretta imposta ai consumatori. Chi ha il monopolio di un brevetto può fare prezzi più alti perché lo stato sopprime la concorrenza per lui. Ma anche quando la concorrenza riesce a portare sul mercato un prodotto, quel prodotto è più caro perché comprende il costo della licenza, o la ricerca di un brevetto alternativo, o ancora di un’assicurazione che protegga dai ricorsi.</p>
<p>La protesta della Apple, in sostanza, è che i “patent troll” si limitano a comprare “diritti” di brevetto per poi andare alla ricerca di infrazioni sulle quali incassare, invece che prendersi la briga di produrre qualcosa di reale. Dopotutto, perché dovrebbero farlo? Se, come vorrebbe far credere la Apple, i brevetti sono uno strumento legittimo di mercato, allora i “troll” stanno semplicemente sfruttando lo strumento in maniera più efficiente della Apple, no?</p>
<p>Per concludere, il problema non sono i “patent troll”. Il problema sono i brevetti.</p>
<p><a href="http://pulgarias.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Traduzione di Enrico Sanna</a>.</p>
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		<title>The Problem Isn&#8217;t &#8220;Patent Trolls.&#8221; The Problem Is Patents.</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/24371</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/24371#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Feb 2014 19:00:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Thomas L. Knapp]]></dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=24371</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#8220;As Apple prepares to defend itself against a multi-billion dollar patent infringement claim in Europe,&#8221; reports Apple Insider, &#8220;the company has aligned with rival Google in asking the U.S. Supreme Court to allow stiffer penalties for patent trolls who bring frivolous lawsuits.&#8221; Well, it&#8217;s about time. But the problem with Apple&#8217;s position is that there&#8217;s...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;As Apple prepares to defend itself against a multi-billion dollar patent infringement claim in Europe,&#8221; <a href="http://appleinsider.com/articles/14/02/05/hit-with-another-2b-damage-claim-apple-joins-google-in-pressing-supreme-court-to-curb-patent-abuse" target="_blank">reports <em>Apple Insider</em></a>, &#8220;the company has aligned with rival Google in asking the U.S. Supreme Court to allow stiffer penalties for patent trolls who bring frivolous lawsuits.&#8221;</p>
<p>Well, it&#8217;s about time. But the problem with Apple&#8217;s position is that there&#8217;s no such thing as a patent lawsuit &#8230; or for that matter, a patent &#8230; that <em>isn&#8217;t</em> frivolous (<a href="http://www.dict.org/bin/Dict?Form=Dict2&amp;Database=*&amp;Query=frivolous" target="_blank">&#8220;not serious in content or attitude or behavior&#8221;</a>).</p>
<p>It&#8217;s true that patent litigation has become more and more visibly silly over the last few years, but as a major player in the silliness (having, among other idiocies, applied for &#8212; and received! &#8212; <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2012/11/7/3614506/apple-patents-rectangle-with-rounded-corners" target="_blank">a patent on rectangular devices with rounded corners</a>) Apple doesn&#8217;t have much standing to complain about that. There&#8217;s not enough room in this column to really go into Apple&#8217;s other &#8220;intellectual property&#8221; howlers, but let&#8217;s name two:</p>
<p>Their flagship Macintosh line began as a lock, stock and barrel copy, from user interface to peripherals (ever heard of a &#8220;mouse?&#8221;), of Xerox&#8217;s 1981 Star terminal system. And they briefly sued (before settling with) Amazon over &#8220;rights&#8221; to the words &#8220;app store.&#8221; So please, let us break out the world&#8217;s smallest violin  for Apple&#8217;s angst over &#8220;patent trolls.&#8221;</p>
<p>Even if patents actually accomplished their advertised purpose &#8212; &#8220;securing for limited Times to &#8230; Inventors the exclusive Right to their &#8230; Discoveries,&#8221; as the US Constitution puts it &#8212; they&#8217;d be a very bad idea. The claim that one can own an idea is silly on its face, and not a claim that anyone would pay the slightest mind to were it not enforced at gunpoint by the state.</p>
<p>But the advertised purpose of patents is not their actual purpose.</p>
<p>Their actual purpose is to restrain competition and limit innovation so as to provide economic advantage &#8212; monopoly pricing power, in fact &#8212; to established firms who, by virtue of their ability to pay off (pardon my indelicate language; I believe the word I&#8217;m looking for is &#8220;lobby&#8221;) politicians, bureaucrats and judges, can thereby indulge their desire avoid market competition on price or quality.</p>
<p>Decades ago, I worked for a well-known boat manufacturer. One summer, I spent several weeks as the &#8220;menial tasks&#8221; guy &#8212; hauling boats and trailers back and forth for modifications, that kind of thing &#8212; for the company&#8217;s newly hired boat designer as he worked to assemble a prototype &#8220;different enough&#8221; from the last boat he&#8217;d designed (for another firm) to avoid (or at least successfully fight) &#8220;infringement&#8221; claims. I don&#8217;t know how much this &#8220;patent compliance&#8221; runaround (and any ensuing litigation) added to the cost of each unit of the new boat, but there&#8217;s no doubt that it did affect the retail price.</p>
<p>In other words, patents are indirect taxes on consumers. Patent monopolists can charge higher prices because government suppresses their would-be competitors for them. And if those competitors do manage to bring products to market, those products are also more expensive because they&#8217;ve had to spend money on patent licensing, or on patent research to avoid &#8220;infringement,&#8221; or on insurance to protect themselves against patent litigation.</p>
<p>Apple&#8217;s complaint, in its essentials, is that patent &#8220;trolls&#8221; just buy up patent &#8220;rights,&#8221; then search for infringement to cash in on, rather than going to the trouble of making real products. But why shouldn&#8217;t they do that? If, as Apple would have us believe, patents are a legitimate market instrument, then the &#8220;trolls&#8221; are just exploiting that instrument <em>more efficiently</em> than Apple cares to, right?</p>
<p>The problem isn&#8217;t &#8220;patent trolls.&#8221; The problem is patents.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
<ul>
<li>Italian, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/24642" target="_blank">Il Problema non sono i Patent Troll. Il Problema Sono i Brevetti</a>.</li>
<li>French, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/27837" target="_blank">Les « trolls de brevets » ne sont pas le problème. Les brevets sont le problème</a>.</li>
</ul>
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		<title>Privacidad 2014: ¿Scroogled?</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/23451</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 06 Jan 2014 20:00:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Alan Furth ES]]></dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=23451</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Los aficionados de la tecnología y defensores de la privacidad observaron atentamente el ataque que Microsoft lanzó a finales de 2013 contra el sistema operativo Chrome de Google. Por un lado, es inusual que una empresa gaste los dólares de su presupuesto publicitario atacando a sus competidores en lugar de promover sus propios productos. Por...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Los aficionados de la tecnología y defensores de la privacidad observaron atentamente <a href="http://www.scroogled.com/">el ataque que Microsoft lanzó a finales de 2013 contra el sistema operativo Chrome de Google</a>.</p>
<p>Por un lado, es inusual que una empresa gaste los dólares de su presupuesto publicitario atacando a sus competidores en lugar de promover sus propios productos. Por otro, la posición de Microsoft en la cima del mercado de los sistemas operativos es tal que si sus ejecutivos sienten la necesidad de pasar a la ofensiva, es obvio que temen que su cuota de mercado está realmente amenazada (como fue el caso alrededor del 2002, cuando finalmente se dignó a tomar nota públicamente de la existencia de Linux).</p>
<p>A medida que el año llegaba a su fin, se confirmaron las peores pesadillas de Redmond. En octubre, Google afirmó que el <a href="http://www.slashgear.com/chromebooks-now-being-utilized-by-22-of-k-12-us-school-districts-02300117/">22% de todas las escuelas públicas de Estados Unidos han adoptado el Chromebook</a> (estrechamente correlacionado con la declaración de fin de año de que <a href="http://www.citeworld.com/consumerization/22816/why-chromebooks-are-selling-so-well">el 21% de los ordenadores portátiles vendidos entre enero y noviembre fueron Chromebooks</a>). En diciembre, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/googles-chromebooks-amazon-best-sellers-2013-12">dos de los tres ordenadores portátiles más vendidos de Amazon.com fueron Chromebooks</a>.</p>
<p>Así que parece que Microsoft se encuentra en una coyuntura crítica y está reaccionando &#8211; no sólo con la propaganda «Scroogled», sino con <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2013/12/11/5199446/microsoft-considers-free-versions-windows-phone-windows-rt">la consideración de proveer gratuitamente algunas versiones del sistema operativo Windows a los fabricantes de ordenadores</a> para combatir <em>el otro</em> sistema operativo gratuito de Google, Android.</p>
<p>La era de desembolsar dinero por los sistemas operativos (y por la mayoría de las aplicaciones) ha terminado. La era de los sistemas operativos libres &#8211; y la informática en red / basada en la nube &#8211; ya está aquí. Y puesto que no hay tal cosa como un almuerzo gratis, la pregunta obvia para el resto de nosotros es: ¿A qué renunciamos en la transacción?.</p>
<p>Renunciamos a nuestra privacidad. Google hace su dinero comerciando con la información que (a menudo inconscientemente) le proveemos a medida que navegamos por la red, enviamos y recibimos correo electrónico, participamos en el comercio en línea, etc. Lo mismo ocurrirá con otros y futuros proveedores de equipo informático y potencia computacional.</p>
<p>Por razones obvias, esto molesta a algunos usuarios &#8211; sobre todo a mis amigos cripto-anarquistas que valoran la privacidad como tal y han estado trabajando duro desde hace décadas para que la privacidad en línea sea posible y conveniente.</p>
<p>No creo que los cripto-anarquistas estén exagerando per sé. La amenaza a la privacidad es ciertamente real. Pero al igual que Microsoft, se encuentran en una coyuntura crítica. La nueva forma de hacer las cosas obviamente se está imponiendo. La mayoría de la gente (yo incluido &#8211; mis dos ordenadores principales son un Chromebox y un Chromebook) se siente cómoda renunciando a la privacidad a cambio de mayor conveniencia y comodidad.</p>
<p>Obviamente, se necesita una nueva generación de herramientas de privacidad para esta nueva era. Y como con la anterior generación de herramientas, el obstáculo más difícil de superar será hacer esas herramientas fáciles de adquirir, instalar y usar.</p>
<p>Al igual que el viejo de «El Graduado», tengo una sola palabra para nuestros aspirantes a protectores: Esteganografía. La mejor manera de proteger un secreto es que los chicos malos &#8211; gobiernos y criminales (aunque me repito) &#8211; no sospechen de la existencia del secreto. Dado que el intercambio de imágenes de lindos gatitos y demás parece haberse convertido en un hábito perdurable en Internet, lo que se necesita es un sistema de cifrado de clave pública fuerte (¡pero fácil de usar!) para ocultar mensajes en este tipo de archivos comunes, corrientes y no sospechosos, preferiblemente sólo fácilmente detectables, y por supuesto legibles, usando la mitad secreta del par de claves.</p>
<p>Pero esto es sólo una sugerencia. Puede haber una mejor manera que yo, al no ser el geek que solía ser, no haya pensado. Mi objetivo principal en esta ocasión no es sugerir una solución particular, sino más bien hacer hincapié en que tenemos un nuevo paradigma ante nosotros. La privacidad todavía puede ser posible, pero sólo si se adapta a la nueva forma de hacer las cosas.</p>
<p>Artículo original publicado <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/23344">por Thomas L. Knapp el 5 de enero de 2013</a>.</p>
<p>Traducido del inglés por <a href="http://es.alanfurth.com">Alan Furth</a>.</p>
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		<title>Privacy 2014: Scroogled?</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/23344</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 05 Jan 2014 19:00:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Thomas L. Knapp]]></dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=23344</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Tech aficionados and privacy advocates took notice in late 2013 when Microsoft rolled out an attack on Google&#8217;s Chrome OS computers. For one thing, it&#8217;s unusual for any company to spend its advertising dollars attacking its competitors rather than promoting its own products. For another, Microsoft&#8217;s position atop the computer operating systems market is such that...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Tech aficionados and privacy advocates took notice in late 2013 when Microsoft rolled out <a href="http://www.scroogled.com/" target="_blank">an attack on Google&#8217;s Chrome OS computers</a>.</p>
<p>For one thing, it&#8217;s unusual for any company to spend its advertising dollars attacking its competitors rather than promoting its own products. For another, Microsoft&#8217;s position atop the computer operating systems market is such that if its execs feel a need to go on the offensive, they obviously fear their market share is genuinely threatened (as was the case in 2002 or so when they finally deigned to take public notice of Linux).</p>
<p>As the year drew to a close, Redmond&#8217;s worst nightmares were confirmed. In October, Google claimed that <a href="http://www.slashgear.com/chromebooks-now-being-utilized-by-22-of-k-12-us-school-districts-02300117/" target="_blank">22% of all US public schools have adopted the Chromebook</a> (closely correlating to the end-of-year claim that <a href="http://www.citeworld.com/consumerization/22816/why-chromebooks-are-selling-so-well" target="_blank">21% of notebook computers sold between January and November were Chromebooks</a>). In December, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/googles-chromebooks-amazon-best-sellers-2013-12" target="_blank">two of Amazon.com&#8217;s three best-selling laptops were Chromebooks</a>.</p>
<p>So yes, Microsoft finds itself at a critical juncture and is reacting &#8212; not just with the &#8220;Scroogled&#8221; propaganda, but with <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2013/12/11/5199446/microsoft-considers-free-versions-windows-phone-windows-rt" target="_blank">consideration of making some versions of the Windows operating system free to device manufacturers</a> to combat Google&#8217;s <em>other</em> free OS, Android.</p>
<p>The era of paying cash for operating systems (and most applications) is over. The era of free operating systems &#8212; and networked/cloud-based computing &#8212; is here. And since there&#8217;s no such thing as a free lunch, the obvious question for the rest of us is: What&#8217;s the trade-off?</p>
<p>The trade-off is privacy. Google makes its money by trading in the information we (often unwittingly) convey as we surf the web, send and receive email, engage in online commerce, etc. So will other and future providers of computer gear and computing power.</p>
<p>For obvious reasons, this upsets some users &#8212; particularly my crypto-anarchist friends who value privacy as such and have been working hard for decades now to make online privacy possible and convenient.</p>
<p>I don&#8217;t think the crypto-anarchists are over-reacting per se. The threat to privacy is certainly real. But, like Microsoft, they find themselves at a critical juncture. The new way of doing things is obviously catching on. Most people (myself included &#8212; my two main computers are a Chromebox and a Chromebook) are comfortable sacrificing privacy for convenience.</p>
<p>A new generation of privacy tools will obviously be required for this new era. And as with the previous generation of tools, the hardest bar to get over will be making those tools easy to acquire, install and use.</p>
<p>Like the old guy in <em>The Graduate</em>, I have one word for our would-be protectors: Steganography. The best way to protect a secret is for the bad guys &#8212; governments and criminals (but I repeat myself) &#8212; to not suspect the existence of the secret. Since trading pictures of cute kittens and so forth seems to have become an enduring Internet habit, what&#8217;s called for is a strong (but easy to use!) public key crypto-system for hiding messages in these kinds of ordinary, non-suspicious files, preferably only easily detectable, let alone readable, using the secret half of the key pair.</p>
<p>But that&#8217;s just a suggestion. There may be a better way that I, not being the geek I used to be, haven&#8217;t thought of. My main point here is not to point to any particular solution, but rather to emphasize that we have a whole new paradigm on our hands. Privacy may still be possible, but only if it accommodates the new way of doing things.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
<ul>
<li>Spanish, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/23451" target="_blank">Privacidad 2014: ¿Scroogled?</a>.</li>
</ul>
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