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	<title>Center for a Stateless Society &#187; environmentalism</title>
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		<title>Wildness as Praxis</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/32083</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2014 19:00:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Feature Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[anarchism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conservation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ecosystem Services]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Environmental Movement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[environmentalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gary Snyder]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[John Muir]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[mutual aid]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[People's Climate March]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Peter Kropotkin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United Nations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wildness]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[The environmental movement may be larger than ever. On Sunday, September 21, the &#8220;People&#8217;s Climate March&#8221; flooded the streets of New York City. Estimates project an upwards of 400,000 people participated in the climate rally, with ten&#8217;s of thousands more showing solidarity in smaller demonstrations (significant in their own right &#8211; London was host to 40,000 people) across...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The environmental movement may be larger than ever. On Sunday, September 21, the &#8220;<a title="Hundreds Of Thousands Turn Out For People's Climate March In New York City" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/21/peoples-climate-march_n_5857902.html">People&#8217;s Climate March</a>&#8221; flooded the streets of New York City. Estimates project an upwards of 400,000 people participated in the climate rally, with <a title="To Change Everything, We Need Everyone." href="http://peoplesclimate.org/">ten&#8217;s of thousands more</a> showing solidarity in smaller demonstrations (significant in their own right &#8211; London was host to <a title="Climate Change March Takes Over London As Thousands Rally In Global Call For Action" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/21/climate-change-march-london_n_5857548.html">40,000 people</a>) across the globe.</p>
<p>The action had been months in the making, orchestrated by an almost endless list of environmental, religious and labor groups. The public protest was expected to be incredibly large, but activists were shocked at such a massive turnout. Hundreds of thousands crafted a party like atmosphere, with tons of energy, in what the <em>Christian Science Monitor </em><a title=" People's Climate March draws 300,000 to Manhattan (+video)" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Global-Warming/2014/0921/People-s-Climate-March-draws-300-000-to-Manhattan-video">describes</a> as a raucous parade. In fact, Frances Beinecke, president of the <em>Natural Resources Defense Council</em> in New York is <a title="Thousands take Manhattan, raising climate change voices and consciousness" href="http://www.freenewspos.com/en/home-news-article/d/869737/var%20qs/thousands-take-manhattan-raising-climate-change-voices-and-consciousness">quoted</a> as saying:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px">After over forty years in the trenches of the environmental movement, I&#8217;ve never been more inspired and awe-struck&#8230; Today proves global support for climate action is undeniable. A swell of humanity has spoken as one: The time to act on climate is now.</p>
<p>This &#8220;swell&#8221; is particularly speaking to those in attendance at the <a title="UN Climate Summit 2014" href="http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/">United Nations Climate Summit</a>. The gathering of roughly 100 heads of state kicked off on September 23. At the summit, officials sought discussion of global carbon emissions and a move towards a consensus for international reduction standards at next years gathering in Paris.</p>
<p>One may argue the environmental movement is stronger now than any other time in human history, with a real chance to force meaningful change. I, with reservation, would agree.</p>
<p>Teacher&#8217;s union president Carol Sutton of Connecticut told the <a title="Taking a Call for Climate Change to the Streets" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/nyregion/new-york-city-climate-change-march.html">New York Times</a>: “I’m here because I really feel that every major social movement in this country has come when people get together. It begins in the streets.” &#8212; and I would agree with her. I have attended multiple environmental protests, some as small as 11 people, others as large as 40,000, and they have all been inspirational and exciting. I wish I could have been in the streets of New York, standing shoulder to shoulder, with so many. Social change does begin in the streets, but that is the easy part.</p>
<p>Having such a number of people turn out for the climate march is sure to move the political gathering held at the United Nations. It is good to engage existing institutions and work for change, but this is a short-term solution. The long-term solution will require radicalism. It is here that I have my reservations about the strength of the movement. Engaging institutions will not accomplish what it is we must ultimately seek: Anarchism. Liberty would allow us to explore the idea of mutualism &#8212; with each other, and our ecology, by advancing the concept of ecosystem services in the liberated market. It is systems of power and domination, upheld by the state, that have allowed such a divorce of our societies from the natural world.</p>
<p>Most importantly, the burden of proof, the idea that a more sustainable order is worthy of human labor, falls on those of us in the environmental movement &#8212; not state institutions. Though engagement of current institutions is needed, we should ultimately seek their destruction and lead by example.</p>
<p>Here in lies the problem with many (certainly not all) movement environmentalists today &#8212; we speak in terms of state policy and authoritarian institutions. The same institutions that have failed all species time and time again. The systems of power and domination we so often turn to, from war to development, have long turned their backs on the natural order. They work only to obtain resources, not to preserve. Any state decree exalting the environment should be met with pure skepticism. War alone, the very health of the state, demands enough unsustainable resource extraction and fossil fuel use to propel human civilization into the full effects of anthropogenic climate change. Our plan of action should instead seek to tear down this authority with brute force. Independent scholar <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/17178" target="_blank">Kevin Carson explains</a>:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px">Our goal is not to assume leadership of existing institutions, but rather to render them irrelevant. We don’t want to take over the state or change its policies. We want to render its laws unenforceable. We don’t want to take over corporations and make them more “socially responsible.” We want to build a counter-economy of open-source information, neighborhood garage manufacturing, Permaculture, encrypted currency and mutual banks, leaving the corporations to die on the vine along with the state.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px">We do not hope to reform the existing order. We intend to serve as its grave-diggers.</p>
<p>The question then becomes, what will follow? The answer is something both beautiful and complex, while liberating and dynamic. Perhaps it is time to revisit our classical naturalists &#8212; of which there are plenty. However, one thing that John Muir (or your favorite historical eco-advocate) and his ilk had was a connection to the natural world and a desire for conservation. They did not much care to talk about what governments ought to do, but rather what they ought not do. Environmental achievement was obtained by pronouncing the splendid beauty of natural ecosystems, the challenges facing nature, and the innate need to protect wild spaces &#8212; even for our own well-being. Muir and other environmental advocates also practiced their ideals as they labored for the great outdoors.</p>
<p>In order to meet the demands of a changing Earth we will have to adapt. We will be required to constantly change, just like our mountains and rivers. Anarchist and Deep-Ecologist Gary Snyder, in his essay, <em><a title="The Etiquette of Freedom" href="http://www.beatstudies.org/pdfs/etiquette.pdf">The Etiquette of Freedom</a>,</em> describes, in great detail, the need to reclaim the words nature, wilderness and wildness &#8212; and it is in wildness that we will discover anarchism.</p>
<p>Nature, of course, is the collective physical world &#8212; all landscapes and seascapes, all flora and fauna, free of development. Wilderness is uncultivated land, in a natural state, liberated of human behavior. Wildness, however, is the ultimate practice &#8212; a praxis of liberty. Wildness, according to Snyder, is the quality of being wild or untamed. Snyder notes that human beings are indeed wild, but this does not mean disorderly. In fact, he argues that wildness will lead to a highly ordered society where our relationship with nature will be interactive, thus allowing the construction of durable social systems. This is also an idea explored by naturalist anarchist Peter Kropotkin in his book, <a title="Mutual Aid - A Factor of Evolution" href="http://www.complementarycurrency.org/ccLibrary/Mutual_Aid-A_Factor_of_Evolution-Peter_Kropotkin.pdf"><em>Mutual Aid &#8211; A Factor of Evolution</em></a> [PDF]:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px">In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sense – not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavourable to the species. The animal species[&#8230;] in which individual struggle has been reduced to its narrowest limits[&#8230;] and the practice of mutual aid has attained the greatest development[&#8230;] are invariably the most numerous, the most prosperous, and the most open to further progress. The mutual protection which is obtained in this case, the possibility of attaining old age and of accumulating experience, the higher intellectual development, and the further growth of sociable habits, secure the maintenance of the species, its extension, and its further progressive evolution. The unsociable species, on the contrary, are doomed to decay.</p>
<p>There is indeed mutualism everywhere in nature, just as in human society, but the concept is absent from systems of power and domination. If we are to take the environment, and the consequences of climate change seriously, it is our duty to abandon such systems as they represent the unsociable species &#8212; they restrict human innovation, exacerbate environmental change and are composed of a ruling caste who seek first and foremost their own preservation. Simply, they are doomed to decay &#8212; and thus our message along with them.</p>
<p>Environmentalism, in its purest form, seeks the elevation of human society along with the natural world. Conservation and sustainable resource use would re-organize our neighborhoods. We would be free to labor in our own communities, craft our own institutions and own the means of our production. We would have a mutual relationship with our surrounding ecology, where we could receive beneficial ecosystem services such as air and water purification, flood control, carbon sequestration, psychological benefits and much more simply by conserving natural areas.</p>
<p>The natural world would benefit from being liberated of sprawl. Complex ecosystems (even in urban areas) would be left intact. In such an order species decline would be mitigated by the protection and restoration of natural habitat. Furthermore, the more decentralized our societies, the more we are liberated from institutions that seek maximum utility of resources. Then, we could naturally reduce our carbon emissions without coercive force. Our communities will flourish when liberated of state.</p>
<p>This order is possible, it is up to us to obtain it. May our inclined labor craft a beautiful, sustainable existence? If we achieve such a feat, anarchism will be our method and we will know wildness, as it is the process of simply living free – the grandeur of such freedom is only attainable in liberty.</p>
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		<title>Una Giornata della Terra Libertaria</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/26870</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 03 May 2014 11:00:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Gli Stati Uniti hanno una storia variegata con l’ambientalismo. Gli americani sono sempre stati orgogliosi del loro retaggio ambientale. Il conservazionismo di fine ottocento, promosso da persone come John Muir, diede origine ad istituzioni civiche, pubbliche e private dedicate alla conservazione dell’ambiente. La rivoluzione industriale, però, accoppiata all’ascesa del capitalismo moderno, il New Deal e...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Gli Stati Uniti hanno una storia variegata con l’ambientalismo. Gli americani sono sempre stati orgogliosi del loro retaggio ambientale. Il conservazionismo di fine ottocento, promosso da persone come John Muir, diede origine ad istituzioni civiche, pubbliche e private dedicate alla conservazione dell’ambiente. La rivoluzione industriale, però, accoppiata all’ascesa del capitalismo moderno, il New Deal e il boom del secondo dopoguerra, ha ingabbiato gli americani incatenandoli alla crescita economica. Questa storia variegata, di due americhe opposte, entrò in crisi nel decennio del cambiamento: gli anni sessanta. L’ambientalismo moderno nasce in quest’epoca.</p>
<p>L’ambientalismo moderno, alimentato dai movimenti anti-bellici, diede origine alla prima Giornata della Terra a livello nazionale il 22 aprile 1970. Quel giorno, venti milioni di americani occuparono strade, parchi, college e piazze per fondare un movimento sociale a favore della sostenibilità.</p>
<p>Il risultato è che la base della gabbia si è allargata. Il movimento a favore della sostenibilità ha dato origine all’Epa (l’ente americano per la protezione dell’ambiente) con le leggi sull’inquinamento dell’aria e dell’acqua e la protezione delle specie a rischio. Anche se è stato fatto del progresso e la base si è allargata, la gabbia è rimasta tale.</p>
<p>Il progresso può essere indifferentemente buono o cattivo. In natura come tra gli uomini è inevitabile. Dall’avvento del capitalismo industriale all’era neo-liberale reaganiana, il “progresso” è stato misurato in termini di una crescita della gabbia: Più strade e più auto, stato più grande e imprese più grandi, uno stato nazione più arrogante e un settore finanziario troppo grande per fallire. Le stesse istituzioni che l’ambientalismo ha aiutato a creare sono parte di questa gabbia. Non fraintendetemi: ci sono persone molto preoccupate, dedicate e intelligenti che lottano la buona lotta all’interno della struttura di potere ma, ahimè, i loro sforzi sono limitati dalla gabbia. Nonostante i passi fatti in direzione della salute pubblica e ambientale, gli stati nazione restano i più grandi distruttori del clima, dell’aria, la terra, le rocce, l’acqua, la flora e la fauna di tutti i tempi.</p>
<p>Come specie, però, sentiamo il bisogno di fare domande. In questa Giornata della Terra, e dopo, vorrei che la nostra natura inquisitiva fosse rivolta verso i finti confini politici. Perché la più grande minaccia all’ambiente è rappresentata dai grandi stati nazione militarizzati? Se siamo orgogliosi dei valori democratici, perché non riconosciamo che sono l’antitesi dell’autorità concentrata? Il concetto di crescita continua nel nome del “progresso” è sostenibile? O forse dobbiamo liberarci di questa gabbia e ridefinire il progresso?</p>
<p>Gli umani, come specie, hanno un’incredibile capacità di adattamento. Data la possibilità possiamo gettare, e getteremo, il seme della società futura che renderà la Terra degna di essere abitata per i nostri posteri. Possiamo liberare il lavoro dall’attuale sistema economico, decentrare le istituzioni, rispettare i confini naturali come le bio-regioni, e coltivare una società in cui ogni individuo potrà dire la sua genuinamente sulle decisioni che influenzano la sua vita. Questa è la lotta del ventunesimo secolo: liberarci della gabbia è reclamare il controllo democratico della società.</p>
<p>La prassi libertaria ultima è l’azione individuale esercitata sulle nostre istituzioni, sulla società, il lavoro, la proprietà e la persona. In una tale società noi saremmo liberi di proteggere le nostre tradizioni culturali e naturali, porre connessioni, imporre svolte, scegliere orizzonti e generare biodiversità. Le nostre abilità lavorative e la nostra disposizione alla libertà libereranno la società dall’economia centralizzata e dallo stato egemonico.</p>
<p>In questa Giornata della Terra mi auguro che possiamo capire che tutti i problemi complessi che l’umanità si trova di fronte – cambiamenti climatici, fame, guerra, colonialismo corporativo, estinzione, deprezzamento dell’ecosistema, eccetera – sono legati all’attuale esistenza dello stato. Mi auguro anche che possiamo trovare una risposta a questi problemi. E la risposta, come sempre, è libertà.</p>
<p><a href="http://pulgarias.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Traduzione di Enrico Sanna</a>.</p>
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		<title>Um Dia da Terra libertário</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/26606</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/26606#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2014 22:00:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Os Estados Unidos têm uma história inconsistente com o ambientalismo. Os americanos sempre tiveram orgulho de sua herança natural. O movimento de conservação dos anos 1890, liderado por John Muir e outros, deu origem a instituições cívicas, públicas e privadas dedicadas à proteção da natureza. A revolução industrial, porém, em conjunto com o advento do...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Os Estados Unidos têm uma história inconsistente com o ambientalismo. Os americanos sempre tiveram orgulho de sua herança natural. O movimento de conservação dos anos 1890, liderado por John Muir e outros, deu origem a instituições cívicas, públicas e privadas dedicadas à proteção da natureza. A revolução industrial, porém, em conjunto com o advento do capitalismo moderno, o New Deal e a explosão econômica pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial fez com que os americanos adotassem as ideias da economia do crescimento. Essa história inconsistente, de dois países opostos, chegou a seu auge na década das mudanças, os anos 1960. O moderno movimento ambiental têm seu discurso calcado nas ideias daquela época.</p>
<p>Esse ambientalismo moderno, movido pelo crescente movimento anti-guerras, deu origem ao primeiro Dia da Terra que foi reconhecido nacionalmente, em 22 de abril de 1970. Nesse dia, 20 milhões de americanos ocuparam as ruas, parques, campi de universidades e praças públicas para construir um movimento social em prol da sustentabilidade.</p>
<p>Com isso, o &#8220;espaço dentro da jaula&#8221; foi aumentado. O movimento pela sustentabilidade fez com que fosse criada a Agência de Proteção Ambiental e as leis do ar limpo, da água limpa e das espécies animais ameaçadas. Embora tenha havido progresso, permanecemos dentro da jaula.</p>
<p>O progresso pode ser bom ou mau, é inevitável nas dinâmicas naturais e sociais. Desde o advento do capitalismo industrial e do neoliberalismo de Reagan, o progresso tem sido medido pelo crescimento — a jaula: mais ruas, mais carros, mais governo, maiores corporações, estados-nação mais agressivos e setores financeiros grandes demais para quebrar. As próprias instituições criadas pelo movimento ambientalista moderno são partes da jaula. É claro que há pessoas muito preocupadas, dedicadas e inteligentes envolvidas na luta dentro da atual estrutura de poder, mas seus esforços são limitados pela jaula em que estão presos. Não importam quais sejam as ações tomadas em nome do público e do meio ambiente, o estado-nação continua sendo o maior agressor de todos os tempos do meio ambiente, do ar, do solo, das rochas, da água, da flora e da fauna.</p>
<p>Nossa espécie, contudo, é levada a fazer perguntas. Neste Dia da Terra e de agora em diante, eu peço que nossa natureza intrinsecamente inquisitora se volte para as fronteiras políticas. Por que as maiores ameaças ao meio ambiente são os estados-nação militarizados? Se devemos nos orgulhar de valores democráticos, esses valores não são a antítese da autoridade centralizada? O conceito de crescimento contínuo em nome do &#8220;progresso&#8221; dá espaço para a sustentabilidade? Não deveríamos, talvez, nos livrar da jaula em que vivemos e redefinir o conceito de progresso?</p>
<p>Como humanos, somos incrivelmente adaptáveis. Quando temos a chance, plantamos as sementes de uma sociedade futura que farão com que a vida na Terra valha a pena ser vivida na posteridade. Podemos liberar nosso trabalho do atual sistema econômico, descentralizar nossas instituições, respeitar fronteiras naturais como as das bio-regiões e cultivar uma sociedade na qual todo indivíduo tenha uma voz genuína nas decisões que afetam suas vidas. Essa é a luta do século 21 — a luta para nos livrarmos da jaula e tomar o controle democrático da sociedade.</p>
<p>A agência individual sobre nossas instituições, sociedade, trabalho, propriedade e pessoas é a práxis final dos libertários. Nessa sociedade, nós estaríamos livres para proteger nossas heranças culturais e naturais, nossas relações locais, nossas águas, paisagens e biodiversidade. O trabalho e a inclinação à liberdade libertarão a sociedade das economias centralizadas e de governos hegemônicos.</p>
<p>Neste Dia da Terra, que nos lembremos que os problemas complexos com que a humanidade se depara — mudança climática, fome, guerra, colonialismo corporativo, extinção animal, depreciação de ecossistemas etc — estão ligados ao sistema atual. Também nos lembremos de que temos uma resposta a todos esses problemas — essa resposta, como sempre, é a liberdade.</p>
<p><em>Traduzido do inglês para o português por <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/erick-vasconcelos">Erick Vasconcelos</a>.</em></p>
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		<title>A Libertarian Earth Day</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/26565</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/26565#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2014 18:00:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Climate Chage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[counter-economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[democracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Earth Day]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[environmentalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Inclined Labor]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Italian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[labor]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Liberation Ecology]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Neo-Liberalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Portuguese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Progress]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Radical Ecology]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Sustainability]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=26565</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The United States has a varied history with environmentalism. Americans have always taken pride in their natural heritage. The conservation movement of the 1890s, championed by the likes of John Muir, gave rise to civic, public and private sector institutions dedicated to conservation. The industrial revolution, however, coupled with the rise of modern capitalism, the...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The United States has a varied history with environmentalism. Americans have always taken pride in their natural heritage. The conservation movement of the 1890s, championed by the likes of John Muir, gave rise to civic, public and private sector institutions dedicated to conservation. The industrial revolution, however, coupled with the rise of modern capitalism, the era of the New Deal and the economic boom following WWII assimilated Americans into growth economics.  This varied history, two opposing Americas, came to a head in the decade of change, the 1960s. The modern environmental movement finds its roots in the discourse of this era.</p>
<p>This modern environmentalism, fueled by the energy of a growing anti-war movement, bore the first nationally recognized Earth Day &#8211; April 22, 1970. On this day, 20 million Americans occupied streets, parks, college campuses and public squares to build a social movement for sustainability.</p>
<p>As a result, the floor of the cage expanded. The sustainability movement yielded the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency along with the Clean Air, Clean Water and Endangered Species Acts. Though progress was made and the floor expanded, the cage still remained.</p>
<p>Progress can be good or bad, regardless, it is unavoidable in nature and human society. Since the rise of industrial capitalism and then Reagan era neo-liberalism, &#8220;progress&#8221; has been gauged by growth &#8211; the cage: More roads, more cars, bigger government, bigger corporations, bolder nation-states and a too big to fail financial sector. The very institutions that the modern environmental movement helped craft are part of this cage. Don&#8217;t get me wrong, there are very concerned, dedicated and intelligent people fighting the good fight within the current power structure, but alas, their efforts are bounded by the cage. Regardless of the moves made on behalf of public and environmental health, the nation-state remains the largest wrecker of climate, air, soil, rock, water, flora and fauna of all time.</p>
<p>Our species, however, is driven to ask questions. On this Earth Day, and ever afterward, I ask that our intrinsic, inquisitive nature be turned to manufactured political boundaries. Why is the greatest threat to the environment great militarized nation states? If we are to take pride in democratic values, are these values not the anti-thesis of concentrated authority? Does the concept of continual growth in the name of &#8220;progress&#8221; allow for sustainability? Or should we perhaps rid ourselves of this cage and redefine progress?</p>
<p>As a species humans are incredibly adaptive. If given the chance we can and will plant the seeds of a future society that will make life on Earth worth living for our posterity. We can liberate our labor from the current economic system, decentralize our institutions, respect natural boundaries such as bio-regions and cultivate a society in which every individual will have a genuine say in the decisions that impact their lives. This is the fight of the 21st century &#8212; to rid ourselves of the cage and claim democratic control of society.</p>
<p>Individual agency over <em>our</em> institutions, society, labor, property and person is the ultimate libertarian praxis. In such a society we would be freed to protect our cultural and natural heritage, place connections, watersheds, landscapes and biodiversity. Our inclined labor and disposition to liberty will free society from centralized economies and hegemonic governments.</p>
<p>On this Earth Day may we realize that all the complex problems facing humanity &#8211; climate change, hunger, war, corporate colonialism, extinction, depreciating ecosystem services, etc. &#8211; are tied to the current state system. May we also realize that we have an answer to these problems &#8211; that answer, as always, is liberty.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
<ul>
<li>Portuguese, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/26606" target="_blank">Um Dia da Terra libertário</a>.</li>
<li>Italian, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/26870" target="_blank">Una Giornata della Terra Libertaria</a>.</li>
</ul>
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		<title>Wie dit leest is een terrorist</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/25465</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/25465#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 18 Mar 2014 11:00:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kevin Carson]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Dutch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate state]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[North America]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[police state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[terrorism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[united states]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[war on terrorism]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Dit is zo’n tijd geweest waarin een reeks willekeurige, schijnbaar losstaande gebeurtenissen allemaal een algemene les voor mij hebben versterkt. Allereerst werd op 21 januari gemeld dat Canadese en Amerikaanse veiligheidsdiensten—Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), de Mounties, de FBI, Homeland Security, en provinciale, staats- en lokale politie—nauw hebben samengewerkt met Enbridge, TransCanada en andere energieleveranciers...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Dit is zo’n tijd geweest waarin een reeks willekeurige, schijnbaar losstaande gebeurtenissen allemaal een algemene les voor mij hebben versterkt. Allereerst werd op 21 januari gemeld dat Canadese en Amerikaanse veiligheidsdiensten—Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), de Mounties, de FBI, Homeland Security, en provinciale, staats- en lokale politie—nauw hebben samengewerkt met Enbridge, TransCanada en andere energieleveranciers die betrokken zijn bij de aanleg van pijpleidingen, om activisten die strijden tegen fracken onder toezicht te houden als potentiële “terroristen” (“Opposed to Fracking? You Might Be a Terrorist,” PopularResistance.org). Scotland Yard heeft op soortgelijke wijze “radicalen” uit dierenrechten-, anti-oorlog-, antikapitalistisme- en anti-genetische modificatie-bewegingen in de gaten gehouden.</p>
<p>Nog diezelfde dag werd in Amerika (“So now Homeland Security can detain suspected movie pirates?” IO9, January 21) een man gearresteerd vanwege het dragen van Google Glass in een bioscoop in Ohio. Hij werd drie uur lang vastgehouden—ook al had hij de “record” functie uitgezet.</p>
<p>Tot slot werd op 3 februari door Truth-Out.org een rechtszaak gemeld met als doel het terugdraaien van de Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, een Amerikaanse wet die van voormalige overtredingen zoals het bevrijden van dieren uit intensieve veehouderij—of zelfs het illegaal betreden van grondgebied of undercover opnames maken zonder toestemming—als terroristische activiteiten behandelt. Ter achtergrondinformatie, onthoud dat—ondanks het feit dat de FBI in 2004 dierenrechten- en milieuactivisten als meest gevaarlijke dreiging van binnenlands terrorisme bestempelde—niemand ooit gewond is geraakt bij de protestacties van deze bewegingen.</p>
<p>Alle high-level “antiterrorismewetgeving” die na 9-11 is doorgevoerd werd toentertijd gerechtvaardigd door de dringende behoefte iedereen tegen te houden die van plan was een straalvliegtuig in een wolkenkrabber te storten, miltvuur te verspreiden of een “vuile bom” in een grote stad af te laten gaan. Dit waren veronderstelde buitengewone bevoegdheden die alleen moesten worden ingezet tegen buitengewone dreigingen, nooit tegen gewone misdaden. Maar wanneer heeft de staat ooit iets beloofd en haar woord gehouden? De Espionage and Sedition Acts die werden ingevoerd tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog werden vergezeld door soortgelijke toezeggingen. Ze zouden niet worden gebruikt om gewone meningsverschillen en politiek debat te onderdrukken—en eindigden uiteindelijk als aanleiding voor de massa-arrestatie van leden van de Industrial Workers of the World en de Socialistische Partij en openlijke critici van de oorlog.</p>
<p>Dus hier zijn we dan. De USA PATRIOT Act en een reeks veiligheidsdiensten zoals de CSIS, RCMP, FBI en DHS worden gebruikt om de belangen van de fossiele-brandstoffenindustrie, de filmindustrie en de landbouwindustrie te beschermen tegen open discussie, spot of protest. Het als “terrorisme” behandelen van protesten die bedrijfsactiviteiten verstoren? Als de USA PATRIOT Act een paar generaties geleden was ingevoerd, dan vermoed ik dat sit-ins in lunchzaken en bus-boycots als “terrorisme” zouden worden bestempeld.</p>
<p>Het ultieme doel van alle staatswetgeving en het handhavingsapparaat is, ongeacht de vele schijnbare rechtvaardiging voor deze of gene wet, het verdedigen van de belangen van het systeem en diegenen die het beheersen. Elke wet die door de staat wordt aangenomen, en elke gewapende en geüniformeerde  ambtenaar die door de staat gebruikt om deze wetten te handhaven, zal de wet interpreteren op een manier waarop de belangen van het machtssysteem het best worden behartigd.</p>
<p>Vertaald vanuit het Engels door: <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/sbm" target="_blank">SBM</a><a href="http://marktanarchist.blogspot.nl/" target="_blank"><br />
</a></p>
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		<title>If You&#8217;re Reading This, You&#8217;re Probably A Terrorist</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/24480</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/24480#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 10 Feb 2014 19:00:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kevin Carson]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dutch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[environmentalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[matrix reality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[North America]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[police state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[terrorism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[united states]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=24480</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This has been one of those times that a series of random, seemingly unrelated events have all reinforced a common lesson for me. First, it was reported on January 21 (&#8220;Opposed to Fracking? You Might Be a Terrorist,&#8221; PopularResistance.org) that Canadian and U.S. law enforcement agencies &#8212; Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), the Mounties, the...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This has been one of those times that a series of random, seemingly unrelated events have all reinforced a common lesson for me. First, it was reported on January 21 (&#8220;<a href="http://www.popularresistance.org/are-you-opposed-to-fracking-then-you-might-be-a-terrorist/">Opposed to Fracking? You Might Be a Terrorist</a>,&#8221; PopularResistance.org) that Canadian and U.S. law enforcement agencies &#8212; Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), the Mounties, the FBI, Homeland Security, and provincial, state and local police &#8212; have been working closely with Enbridge, TransCanada and other energy companies engaged in pipeline projects to keep leading anti-fracking activists under surveillance as potential &#8220;terrorists.&#8221; Scotland Yard has carried out similar surveillance of &#8220;radicals&#8221; in the animal rights, anti-war, anti-capitalist and anti-GMO movements.</p>
<p>The same day in the U.S. (&#8220;So now Homeland Security can detain suspected movie pirates?&#8221; IO9, January 21), Homeland Security seized a man for wearing Google Glass in an Ohio movie theater,  detaining him for three hours &#8212; even though he had the &#8220;record&#8221; function turned off.</p>
<p>Finally, on February 3, Truth-Out.org reported a lawsuit to overturn the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, a U.S. law that treats formerly misdemeanor acts of civil disobedience like freeing animals from factory farms &#8212; or even trespassing or filming undercover without permission &#8212; as acts of terrorism (&#8220;<a href="http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/21626-is-freeing-a-duck-terrorism">Is Freeing a Duck Terrorism?</a>&#8220;). By way of background information, bear in mind that &#8212; even though the FBI in 2004 designated animal rights and environmental activists the leading threat of domestic terrorism, no one has ever been injured by any of these movements&#8217; protest actions.</p>
<p>All the high-level &#8220;counter-terrorism&#8221; legislation passed after 9/11 was justified at the time by the urgent need to stop anyone from ever again crashing a jet plane into a skyscraper, spreading anthrax or setting off a &#8220;dirty bomb&#8221; in a major city. These were supposedly extraordinary powers granted only to counter extraordinary dangers, never to be used by law enforcement against ordinary crimes. But when has the state ever promised that and kept its word? The Espionage and Sedition Acts passed during World War I were accompanied by similar assurances that they wouldn&#8217;t be used to suppress ordinary dissent and political debate &#8212; and wound up being used as grounds for mass arrests of I.W.W. and Socialist Party members and public critics of the war.</p>
<p>So here we are. The USA PATRIOT Act, and a whole slew of security agencies like the CSIS, RCMP, FBI and DHS are being used to protect the profits of the fossil fuel industries, the movie industry and corporate agribusiness against public debate, embarrassment, or protests. Treating protests that disrupt business as &#8220;terrorism?&#8221; If USA PATRIOT had been passed a couple of generations ago, I suppose lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts would have been classified as &#8220;terrorism.&#8221;</p>
<p>The ultimate purpose of all the state&#8217;s laws and enforcement apparatus, regardless of the many ostensible justifications for this law or that, is to defend the interests of the system and those who control it. Any laws passed by the state, and any armed and uniformed functionaries employed by the state to enforce those laws, will interpret the laws in a way that serves the interests of the system of power.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
<ul>
<li>Spanish, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/24925">Si Estás Leyendo este Artículo, Probablemente Seas un Terrorista</a></li>
<li>Dutch, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/25465" target="_blank">Wie dit leest is een terrorist</a>.</li>
</ul>
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		<title>John Kerry Returns To The Mekong Delta</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/22983</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/22983#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Dec 2013 19:00:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[china]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[John Kerry]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Mekong River]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[state]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[United States Secretary of State John Kerry has been politicking through Southeast Asia the past few days. Kerry visited the Vietnam Mekong Delta, a place he knows well from his wartime adventures. US military interventionism in the region nominally passe, but there is another aspect of state violence still making headlines in the east: Environmental degradation. Kerry traveled...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>United States Secretary of State John Kerry has been <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/14/john-kerry-vietnam-asia-pacific-partnership" target="_blank">politicking through Southeast Asia</a> the past few days. Kerry visited the <a href="http://ca.news.yahoo.com/kerry-returns-vietnam-39-mekong-delta-raises-environmental-142634387.html" target="_blank">Vietnam Mekong Delta</a>, a place he knows well from his wartime adventures. US military interventionism in the region nominally passe, but there is another aspect of state violence still making headlines in the east: Environmental degradation.</p>
<p>Kerry traveled to discuss the rising urgency of <a href="http://apnews.myway.com/article/20131215/DAAMTNNG1.html" target="_blank">environmental change to the Mekong Delta</a>. Changing climate and enhanced erosion and sedimentation of the Mekong from upstream dam projects are now Kerry&#8217;s target of political opportunity. According to the Associated Press, Kerry has pledged <a href="http://triblive.com/usworld/world/5259858-74/kerry-vietnam-mekong#axzz2neSP5aFn" target="_blank">$17 million to a program</a> that will help people and the economy adapt to environmental changes in the region.</p>
<p>Keeping to form as a high-ranking state official, Kerry says he&#8217;ll work to ensure that none of the six countries that share the Mekong (China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam) will over-exploit the river so other populations suffer. Calling out China (which has plans for <a href="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/30/48/34/PDF/hess-10-181-2006.pdf" target="_blank">numerous dam projects along the Mekong</a>) Kerry stated: &#8220;No one country has a right to deprive another country of a livelihood, an ecosystem and its capacity for life itself that comes from that river. That river is a global asset, a treasure that belongs to the region &#8230; The Mekong must benefit people not just in one country, not just in the country where the waters come first, but in every country that touches this great river.&#8221;</p>
<p>Crafty rhetoric, but governments will not protect natural resources. Nation-states work as rational actors to advance their own self interests and expand their power, largely through exploitation of natural resources. There is an inherent conflict of interest among states &#8212; the state with the most territory has the most resources for consumption. States will not share a territory or resource for too long. This is why war (be it military or economic) is the health of the state &#8212; it provides a monopoly over a territory and thus its resources.</p>
<p>Kerry, the US government, the Chinese government, any government will only enhance the complex wicked problems facing the world today. Progress, development, growth and industry are the objectives of states. States and their supported industries are rapidly using up the world&#8217;s natural resource base, <a href="http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1196453/hong-kongs-unsustainable-water-policies" target="_blank">especially water</a>, to enhance their own power. It is the name of the game. Nation-states are large, bloated structures that require tons of resources &#8212; they will never protect the environment.</p>
<p>Free people will develop alternative federations and institutions to protect resources, however. <a href="http://www.nonprofitquarterly.org/policysocial-context/21246-civil-society-chinese-stylethe-rise-of-the-nonprofit-sector-in-post-mao-chinaby.html"  target="_blank">It happens every day</a>. People are becoming more aware of what burdens their societies. Education and awareness of public and environmental health are fostering concern for natural resources. Though markets are still largely controlled by the corporate state, liberation is coming. Contrary to the state, the liberated market, controlled and crafted by free human beings, will build the sustainable communities of tomorrow. Indeed, only in a liberated society, with no political boundaries, will human civilization realize its relationship with the environment.</p>
<p>History has been a dramatic race between state power and social power. Social power is growing. Human beings are connected like never before. Free people are building voluntary institutions that are rendering state monopolies useless. Freedom is back! May the old order soon be nothing but ashes. Our sustainability depends on it.</p>
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		<title>Pour une écologie libérale</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/21836</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/21836#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Oct 2013 23:00:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[French]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[environmentalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[left-libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[liberty]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[state]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[L&#8217;utilité industrielle Dans les vastes plaines arides du Bassin Arckaringa, en Australie, a eu lieu une découverte majeure d&#8217;huile de schiste. Linc Energy a découvert sur 6,5 millions d&#8217;hectares de terrain environ 133 &#8211; 233 milliards de barils d&#8217;huile de schiste situés sous la lithologie de la région. Peu importe le volume d&#8217;huile accessible via la...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>L&#8217;utilité industrielle</strong></p>
<p>Dans les vastes plaines arides du Bassin Arckaringa, en Australie, a eu lieu <a href="http://www.pennenergy.com/index/blogs/all-energy-all-the-time/2011/09/oil-shale-discovery-in-south-australia-proves-significant.html">une découverte majeure d&#8217;huile de schiste</a>. Linc Energy a découvert sur 6,5 millions d&#8217;hectares de terrain environ 133 &#8211; 233 milliards de barils d&#8217;huile de schiste situés sous la lithologie de la région. Peu importe le volume d&#8217;huile accessible via la technologie moderne, cette découverte est sûre d&#8217;être évaluée à plusieurs milliards de milliards, vu la valeur actuelle du marché. Peter Bond, chef de la direction de Linc Energy, met sur le marché un dépôt qui a le potentiel de transformer toute l&#8217;industrie. C&#8217;est une découverte incroyable avec des conséquences considérables.</p>
<p>L&#8217;huile est hautement recherchée comme produit de base, car elle <a href="http://www.worldwatch.org/global-fossil-fuel-consumption-surges">alimente une grande partie de l&#8217;économie des pays développés </a>– ainsi que d&#8217;autres ressources fossiles comme le charbon. Le financement de cette découverte va attirer de nombreux investisseurs. Il y a beaucoup d&#8217;argent à faire, et les gros volumes induits par cette découverte pointent vers une production de ressources sur le long terme. Ceci a aussi des implications majeures pour l&#8217;économie de cette région. La production va faire monter la demande de travailleurs, quels que soient leur niveau de compétence et leur formation.</p>
<p>L&#8217;importance de cette découverte va sûrement impliquer l&#8217;Australie dans le dernier boom énergétique : <a href="http://www.abqjournal.com/244219/biz/worldwide-shale-boom-bypassing-four-corners.html">l&#8217;énergie de schiste</a>. Répandues partout à travers les États-Unis et le Canada, ces réserves de schiste géantes sont exploitées, augmentant la production énergétique domestique et causant des booms économiques à travers les régions concernées. Cependant, là où il y a boom, une explosion de bulle est sûre de suivre – particulièrement quand de <a href="http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/the-silent-partner-behind-the-shale-energy-boom-taxpayers/?_r=0">grosses subventions publiques</a> sont nécessaires pour maintenir le boom. Les bulles artificielles explosent toujours. Pour cette raison, nombre de citoyens protestent contre la spéculation sur l&#8217;énergie de schiste.</p>
<p>L&#8217;énergie de schiste n&#8217;est pas suffisamment productive pour être rentable, c&#8217;est pourquoi les États ont commencé à subventionner lourdement l&#8217;extraction de gaz naturel. Il est vrai que la bulle de schiste a fait baisser les coûts de l&#8217;énergie sur le court terme, mais c&#8217;est parce que les prêteurs, investisseurs et subventions publiques ont fait baisser les prix pour les consommateurs – les (pas si) gros investisseurs secrets dans l&#8217;énergie de schiste sont les contribuables. À propos de la création d&#8217;emplois, il est important de noter que les opportunités à haut salaire sont réservées aux emplois spécialisés. La majorité des emplois créés sont des emplois à bas salaire – conducteurs de camions, gestionnaires de puits etc. Quand la bulle de schiste explosera, comme toujours, les travailleurs à bas revenus et la classe moyenne devront porter sur leurs épaules les conséquences économiques. Les bénéfices iront aux investisseurs tandis que la collectivité devra faire avec le crash économique et les marchés conquis qui suivent la production.</p>
<p>Il existe aussi un mouvement environnemental contestant la production de gaz de schiste. Ce mouvement est décrié par de nombreux libéraux. À juste titre puisque beaucoup d&#8217;écologistes connus voudraient utiliser la coercition de l&#8217;État pour interférer sur les contrats volontaires et les droits des individus de décider ce qu&#8217;ils souhaitent faire avec leur terrain. Cependant, il y a également des raisons libérales de s&#8217;opposer à une telle activité industrielle – telles que les <a href="http://rafiusa.org/issues/landowner-rights-and-fracking/forced-pooling/">lois d&#8217;obligation à la mise en commun </a>et le très puissant droit d&#8217;expropriation pour cause publique. Par exemple, Michael Hinrichs, directeur des affaires publiques pour le Jordan Cove Energy Project et le Pacific Connecter Gas Pipeline, a déclaré que &#8220;<a href="http://www.npr.org/2013/05/29/186439399/natural-gas-export-plan-unites-oregon-landowners-against-it">l&#8217;expropriation pour cause publique&#8221; n&#8217;était pas sa méthode préférée pour obtenir les droits d&#8217;exploitation</a>, ajoutant : &#8220;Nous préférerions arriver à un accord équitable avec les propriétaires.&#8221; C&#8217;est très noble de la part d&#8217;une société que d&#8217;utiliser la force coercitive après qu&#8217;elle ait échoué à conclure l&#8217;accord qu&#8217;elle souhaitait avec les propriétaires des terrains. Tout libéral devrait savoir que l&#8217;expropriation pour domaine public est une violation conséquente des droits de propriété. Les lois d&#8217;obligation à la mise en commun sont tout autant intrusives.</p>
<p>Avec l&#8217;extraction de gaz viennent la construction de routes et de puits, les nuisances sonores et la pollution de l&#8217;air, l&#8217;augmentation des brouillards, <a href="http://www.npr.org/2013/08/07/209832887/epa-wants-to-allow-continued-wastewater-dumping-in-wyoming">l&#8217;augmentation</a> de la pollution des eaux ainsi que les camions citernes géants utilisés pour le transport de larges volumes d&#8217;eau fraîche pour <a href="http://www.propublica.org/special/hydraulic-fracturing">la fracturation hydraulique</a> et le transport des ressources récupérées. Dans cette région aride d&#8217;Australie, la paisible vie sauvage sera bientôt industrialisée pour l&#8217;obtention de cette ressource, de la même manière que les terres rurales des États-Unis et du Canada ont été industrialisées. C&#8217;est bien sûr vrai pour toutes les industries d&#8217;extraction – que ce soit le minage de charbon dans les Appalaches (chaîne de montagne), les puits à ciel ouvert du grand ouest ou les larges récoltes de bois dans le pacifique nord-ouest (pour donner quelques exemples).</p>
<p>Bien sûr, il serait irresponsable de demander l&#8217;arrêt de toute production d&#8217;énergie fossile du jour au lendemain. Aucun écologiste responsable ne demanderait une telle chose, notre infrastructure ne tiendrait pas la route. Le principal argument avancé par les services publics est que financer des infrastructures &#8220;vertes&#8221; serait aussi irresponsable car cela impacterait énormément les foyers à faible revenus. Il y a cependant une raison d&#8217;encourager le libre marché où le travail humain, créatif, pourrait mener à une économie de transition. Car si nous vivions dans un système de marché (vraiment) libre, sans intervention de l&#8217;État, les industries fossiles, modernes et centralisées crouleraient sous<a href="http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energysubsidies/">d&#8217;énormes coûts.</a> Sans implication fédérale dans les marchés de l&#8217;énergie, les entreprises d&#8217;énergies fossiles (parmi les plus grosses sociétés du monde) se concentreraient plutôt sur la création de modèles d&#8217;énergies nouvelles, ainsi que la mutualisation des risques internes pour examiner des alternatives aux projets à hauts risques.</p>
<p>En d&#8217;autres termes, sans la complicité de l&#8217;État, nous aurions développé une approche <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00821.x/abstract">respectueuse de l’écosystème</a> pour la gestion des ressources naturelles, grâce à la collaboration adaptative et en nous appuyant sur les ressources locales. Dans cet essai en trois parties, je vais explorer ces opportunités en vue de proposer un modèle libéral pour l&#8217;environnement et expliquer pourquoi ceux qui se déclarent libéraux devraient s&#8217;engager dans le mouvement écologiste.</p>
<p><strong>Jefferson plutôt qu&#8217;Hamilton</strong></p>
<p>Le mouvement libéral dominant aux États-Unis lie son idéalisme aux fondateurs du gouvernement originel. Beaucoup dans le mouvement promeuvent les droits individuels, un <a href="http://www.wikiberal.org/wiki/Gouvernement_limit%C3%A9" target="_blank">État de petite taille et au pouvoir limité</a>, une représentation constitutionnelle et un libéralisme classique. À l&#8217;époque de la création du gouvernement des États-Unis, de nombreux débats et désaccords ont divisé les fondateurs, mais sans aucun doute, le plus intéressant a eu lieu entre Thomas Jefferson et Alexander Hamilton.</p>
<p>Du point de vue d&#8217;Hamilton, il était irresponsable de placer un contrôle démocratique entre les mains du peuple. Hamilton ainsi que d&#8217;autres fédéralistes pensaient que le pays devait être géré par la classe économique dirigeante – l&#8217;élite, les éduqués et les privilégiés. Le fédéraliste John Pay déclara même : &#8220;Ceux qui possèdent le pays doivent le gouverner.&#8221; Ils étaient en faveur d&#8217;un État fédéral puissant, une interprétation large de la constitution et mettaient l&#8217;unité nationale au-dessus de l&#8217;individualisme et des droits des États. Leur modèle économique était bien sûr planifié centralement, avec une règlementation stricte de l&#8217;économie par l&#8217;État (la première banque nationale – qui sera plus tard dissoute – avait été ainsi établie par Hamilton).</p>
<p>Jefferson était tout le contraire et est aujourd&#8217;hui le favori du mouvement US pour la liberté. Jefferson croyait qu&#8217;un public informé était apte à prendre des décisions sages dans l’intérêt national. Il était en faveur d&#8217;un État plus ouvert et démocratique, et était plutôt défavorable à l&#8217;idée que l&#8217;élite devait diriger. Pour les États-Unis, il prônait un idéalisme respectueux de la nature et du voisinage et défendait les droits des États par dessus les droits fédéraux, tout en plaidant une interprétation stricte de la constitution.</p>
<p>Je pense que Thomas Jefferson avait raison (même si je n&#8217;hésite pas à rappeler que Jefferson lui-même était membre de l&#8217;élite et était plutôt hypocrite en de nombreux points de vue à propos de ses pensées sur la liberté). En tant que libertarien, je crois que dans une société vraiment libre, nous devrions tous être les propriétaires de nos terrains ; en tant que libéral de gauche, je crois qu&#8217;une partie de ces terrains pourrait être possédée par plusieurs. Je soutiens les idées d&#8217;indépendance et d&#8217;autonomie préférables au fait d&#8217;être sujet des désirs et demandes des grandes institutions bureaucratiques. C&#8217;est l&#8217;opposé d&#8217;être un homme libre que d&#8217;être dépendant d&#8217;une institution centralisée. Selon moi, Jefferson avait davantage raison que Hamilton – et je voudrais insister sur ce pourquoi il se battait : l&#8217;État dont la nature est d&#8217;être dirigé par la communauté.</p>
<p><strong>Au-delà de Jefferson</strong></p>
<p>Comme Thomas Jefferson, le transcendantaliste <a href="http://www.wikiberal.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> idéalisait une approche communautaire de la vie et de l&#8217;économie respectueuse de la nature. Thoreau, un anarchiste agraire, était aussi un grand défenseur de l&#8217;individualisme, comme on peut le constater dans <em><a href="http://lemotetlereste.com/mr/attitudes/resistanceaugouvernementcivil/" target="_blank">Résistance au gouvernement civil</a></em> :</p>
<blockquote><p>Le meilleur des gouvernements est celui qui ne gouverne pas du tout ; et quand les Hommes seront prêts, ce sera le type de gouvernement qu&#8217;ils auront.</p></blockquote>
<p>Du 20ème au 21ème siècle, de nombreux autres penseurs libéraux ont défendu une approche des structures sociales et économiques plus naturelles, en insistant sur l&#8217;individualisme et son rôle dans les communautés. Wendell Berry me vient à l&#8217;esprit. Berry, un agrarien du Kentucky, a toujours été méfiant vis-à-vis de l’État et s&#8217;est longtemps battu contre le pouvoir central – particulièrement au regard du <a href="http://www.plunderingappalachia.org/theissue.htm">minage de charbon dans les Appalaches</a> et <a href="http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/our-failing-food-system/industrial-agriculture/">l&#8217;agriculture industrielle</a>. Il critique sans réserve les grosses subventions publiques que l&#8217;industrie reçoit et comment ces industries créent un divorce entre les hommes et leur héritage culturel et national. Dans<em><a href="http://www.amazon.fr/gp/product/1619020017/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1642&amp;creative=19458&amp;creativeASIN=1619020017&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=liborg-21" target="_blank">The Long-Legged House</a></em>, Berry écrit :</p>
<blockquote><p>Puisqu&#8217;il n&#8217;y a pas de gouvernement dont les intérêts ou la discipline sont d&#8217;abord la santé des ménages et de la planète, puisque c&#8217;est dans la nature de tout État que d&#8217;être d&#8217;abord concerné par sa propre survie et ensuite seulement par la maitrise des dépenses, la réponse sûre et claire au vu des circonstances morales n&#8217;est pas la loi mais la conscience. Le plus grand comportement moral n&#8217;est pas l&#8217;obéissance à la loi, mais l&#8217;obéissance à une conscience éclairée en dépit de la loi. »</p></blockquote>
<p>Edward Abbey est peut-être l&#8217;une des voix les plus négligées du mouvement moderne pour la liberté. Abbey est un écologiste, mais aussi un anarchiste. En 1989, il écrit :</p>
<blockquote><p>L&#8217;anarchisme n&#8217;est pas une fable romantique mais la réalisation réaliste, fondée sur cinq mille ans d&#8217;expérience, que nous ne pouvons pas donner en toute confiance la gestion de nos vies aux rois, prêtres, politiciens, généraux et aux élus&#8230; L&#8217;anarchisme est fondé sur l&#8217;observation que puisque peu d&#8217;hommes sont suffisamment sages pour se diriger eux-mêmes, encore moins sont suffisamment sages pour diriger les autres. Un patriote doit toujours être prêt à défendre son pays contre son gouvernement.</p></blockquote>
<p>Pour Abbey, l&#8217;horizon d&#8217;un pays n&#8217;est pas le nationalisme mais une absence d&#8217;allégeance en rupture avec l’État – ou toute autre institution. Selon lui, dans toutes les hiérarchies développées, plus une institution se développe, plus elle devient oppressive. Abbey s&#8217;est fait l&#8217;avocat d&#8217;un pays composé d&#8217;une nature sauvage et d&#8217;endroits non encore exploités pour la consommation. Il croit en l’existence d&#8217;expériences &#8220;sauvages&#8221; et &#8220;pures&#8221; pour tous ici bas, et pense que nous empêcher, ainsi que les générations futures, d&#8217;y avoir droit serait une terrible tragédie. Abbey considère aussi que la communauté et – plus important encore – le rôle de l&#8217;individu dans la communauté sont essentiels. Bien qu&#8217;il ait une grande méfiance à l&#8217;égard des institutions, il croit fortement en la famille, l&#8217;amitié, la camaraderie et le travail humain. Pour lui, &#8220;l&#8217;Amérique&#8221; n&#8217;est pas l’État ou l&#8217;activité économique sanctionnée par le gouvernement. C&#8217;est plutôt la terre, les espaces sauvages, ses individus et ses communautés.</p>
<p>Dans <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/17072">&#8220;Outils pour démanteler l’État&#8221;</a>, Karl Hess partage aussi cette conception. Dans cette conférence, Hess déclare : &#8220;pour vraiment aimer votre pays, vous devez abhorrer la nation&#8221;. Pour les libertariens, l’État est une force extérieure. Il pèse sur notre travail de création, il souhaite règlementer l&#8217;ordre spontané des marchés et veut imposer son autorité sur tous les aspects de la liberté. En tant qu&#8217;écologiste et libertarien, je vois aussi son intrusion dans la nature et dans nos larges espaces sauvages.</p>
<p>Au-delà de sa mainmise sur les &#8220;terres publiques&#8221;, l’État fédéral prend également en charge les institutions financières et les multinationales. Lorsque l’État &#8220;gère les terres publiques&#8221; (lire &#8220;autorise la propriété publique à être utilisée par l&#8217;industrie&#8221;), il soutient aussi la consommation. Les logos des sociétés sont bien connus à travers les États (et le monde pour ce que ça compte). Bien moins de gens savent identifier des pierres, des arbres ou des plantes locales –  la ressource principale dont dépend notre survie. Cela nous libère-t-il ? Je dirais que non. Je prétends qu&#8217;il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;un formatage, d&#8217;un consentement fabriqué et que nous sommes manipulés. Je crois que dans la configuration d&#8217;un véritable marché libre, il y aurait davantage de préoccupations pour les endroits sauvages, le vécu et le temps libre et moins d&#8217;accent mis sur la consommation, la dette et le matérialisme. Nous prendrions bien plus soin du pays dans une société libérée.</p>
<p><strong>L&#8217;environnement et l&#8217;État</strong></p>
<p>C&#8217;est un sentiment répandu parmi les libéraux qu&#8217;on ne peut être libéral et écologiste parce que l&#8217;écologie nécessite l&#8217;intervention de l’État. Je ne pense pas que ce soit le cas ; je prétends au contraire que le libéralisme devrait prendre part au mouvement écologiste, et que le mouvement écologiste a besoin d&#8217;adopter les idées libérales.</p>
<p>Je commencerai avec le <a href="http://www.contrepoints.org/2013/10/04/141444-glenn-reynolds-obama-suspend-il-gouvernement" target="_blank">Service National des Forêts et le Service National des Parcs</a> (les chouchous des écologistes et de nombreux Américains) car ils sont malheureusement soumis à une forte influence d&#8217;intérêts commerciaux. Les concessions dans les parcs, les hébergements hôteliers, les bûcherons, les pêcheurs et les mineurs dans les forêts nationales, tous empiètent sur nos espaces naturels – ce que ces institutions sont censées protéger. Bien que les domaines forestiers et les parcs nationaux soient défendus comme des refuges pour la faune (et c&#8217;est bien compréhensible puisqu&#8217;ils constituent le meilleur espoir pour la préservation de la vie sauvage dans ce pays), les écologistes oublient quelque chose à propos de ces &#8220;havres de paix&#8221; : la tendance à construire des installations et des routes dans les parcs et d&#8217;ouvrir nos forêts à l&#8217;exploitation industrielle et commerciale.</p>
<p>Les écologistes sont souvent en désaccord avec l&#8217;État. Il y a un processus continu de compromis entre les écologistes, les grandes entreprises et les tribunaux de l’État qui se traduit par un empiétement toujours plus grand de nos espaces sauvages. Chaque fois que l&#8217;industrie obtient une nouvelle parcelle du paysage, c&#8217;est parce que les écologistes ont dû sacrifier des terres ou des eaux dont ils prenaient soin au nom du compromis. L’État et l&#8217;industrie sacrifient continuellement des espaces naturels pour le développement et l&#8217;alimentation de notre consommation, ce qui rend nécessaire pour l&#8217;État et l&#8217;industrie de sacrifier encore plus de zones naturelles. En résumé, quoi qu&#8217;ait fait l&#8217;État pour préserver des espaces naturels, il a fait bien plus pour aider l&#8217;industrie à les exploiter.</p>
<p>La plus grande menace pour notre environnement est-elle la production/l&#8217;extraction/l&#8217;utilisation d&#8217;énergies fossiles ? Les politiciens semblent se concentrer sur la consommation d&#8217;énergie, sur le territoire national comme à l&#8217;étranger, comme raison pour défendre les <a href="http://www.contrepoints.org/2011/03/11/16557-4-emplois-detruits-par-emploi-vert-cree" target="_blank">industries &#8220;vertes&#8221;</a>. Ce qui est souvent négligé dans ce débat est la guerre. La guerre est menée par les États, pour les États. La guerre est utilisée pour étendre le pouvoir de l&#8217;État et obtenir plus de ressources naturelles. La guerre est la santé de l&#8217;État et la guerre est dépendante de l&#8217;extraction d&#8217;énergies fossiles – qu&#8217;importe que les terres qui contiennent ces ressources soient chéries, sacrées, en voie de disparition. Toute intervention étatique en faveur de l&#8217;environnement échouera en comparaison du désir des États pour la guerre. Pour les libéraux, défendre l&#8217;environnement aidera à renforcer le mouvement contre l&#8217;État.</p>
<p>Les écologistes étatistes agissent à courte vue pour de nombreuses raisons, la principale étant sans doute leur dépendance à la bureaucratie. La bureaucratie est invincible – qu&#8217;importent les mensonges de l&#8217;exécutif. Donner aux bureaucrates le pouvoir de gérer nos ressources naturelles ne fera qu&#8217;empirer les choses puisque l&#8217;État ne veut le bien que d&#8217;une seule chose : l&#8217;État. Les plus grands obstacles que les écologistes doivent dépasser sont des obstacles publics – c&#8217;est pourquoi le combat anti-réglementation est devenue un impératif pour le mouvement écologiste. Le processus pour obtenir une autorisation d&#8217;exploitation de ressources fossiles, la faiblesse de la législation environnementale (souvent interprétée suivant les caprices de l&#8217;élu du moment) et les montagnes de paperasses administratives visent les projets de grandes industries, et servent uniquement au final les intérêts de ces grandes industries. Le combat contre la réglementation est une tactique efficace car, lorsque les membres de ces communautés apprennent la loi, ils peuvent commencer à en ralentir le processus. Les États désirent centraliser le pouvoir et l&#8217;activité économique, et non décentraliser le pouvoir au sein des communautés ou des mouvements sociaux. L&#8217;action directe, les communautés spontanées et les poursuites judiciaires servent toutes à défier l&#8217;autorité de l&#8217;État, cette bureaucratie qui devrait être déchirée en morceaux, non renforcée.</p>
<p>Les écologistes devraient abandonner les actions étatiques et se convertir à l&#8217;<a href="http://www.euro92.com/acrob/smithF.pdf" target="_blank">écologie de marché</a>, dans la mesure où les mouvements sociaux sont adaptés aux marchés. Dans un marché libre, les grandes régions sauvages seraient réellement protégées parce que l&#8217;industrie n&#8217;aurait pas la possibilité de les exploiter. Les libéraux devraient soutenir l&#8217;écologie parce que la véritable protection de l&#8217;environnement empêcherait le monopole de l&#8217;État sur la monnaie et la violence.</p>
<p><strong>Le &#8220;Green Washing&#8221;</strong></p>
<p>L&#8217;une des meilleures façons de construire une société docile pour l’État passe par la propagande et la consommation. C&#8217;est là que le &#8220;<em>green washing</em>&#8221; débarque. Pour le décrire simplement, le &#8220;<em>green washing</em>&#8221; est une forme de manipulation fondée sur un marketing &#8220;vert&#8221;, utilisé de façon trompeuse par une organisation (y compris l’État) pour faire croire que sa politique, ses produits ou ses objectifs sont bons pour l&#8217;environnement. Bien que quelques organisations agissent pour le bien de l&#8217;environnement, la plupart du temps nos institutions offrent de fausses solutions, qui ont pour objectif la consommation et sont juste une manière de donner l&#8217;impression que certains intérêts particuliers sont bons et qu&#8217;ils prennent soin de notre argent.</p>
<p>De Wall Street à Capitol Hill, tout le monde trempe dans le <em>green washing.</em> Financiers, publicitaires et régulateurs offrent leurs solutions à la crise écologique et énergétique sous la forme du &#8220;capitalisme vert&#8221;. Pour donner un exemple, le grand coup de pouce étatique aux voitures électriques stimule en fait <a href="http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/government-mandated-fuel-efficiency-standards#axzz2bOOGosOW">la consommation de carburant</a><a href="http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/government-mandated-fuel-efficiency-standards#axzz2bOOGosOW">et les émissions</a><a href="http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/government-mandated-fuel-efficiency-standards#axzz2bOOGosOW">,</a> tout en ignorant que ces voitures devront être branchées sur le réseau électrique qui est <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/15/automobiles/how-green-are-electric-cars-depends-on-where-you-plug-in.html?pagewanted=all">alimenté au charbon</a>. Bien sûr, les biens de consommation sont alimentées par l&#8217;industrie des combustibles fossiles : iPods, stations de jeux, ordinateurs, télévisions sont utilisés pour créer des désirs au lieu de construire des relations, apprendre, aimer l&#8217;aventure. Seuls de véritables marchés libres, des organisations populaires et des mouvements sociaux démocratiques peuvent nous faire aller de l&#8217;avant &#8211; l’État et l&#8217;industrie sont juste en train d&#8217;essayer de vendre quelque chose.</p>
<p>Les libéraux écologistes devraient faire part de leurs inquiétudes à propos de ces activités et ils devraient certainement cesser d&#8217;appeler l’État à soutenir ces industries. Les libéraux devraient aussi attirer l&#8217;attention sur les problèmes moraux de notre modèle social écologiquement destructeur, fondé sur la consommation. En tant qu&#8217;être humain, pourquoi sommes-nous sujet à ça ? La richesse et la réussite dans la vie ne viennent pas de l&#8217;argent gagné et dépensé dans des biens matériels : nos vies ne sont pas plus riches parce que nous possédons le dernier gadget électronique entre nos mains. Ce qui rend la vie digne d&#8217;être vécue sont nos relations personnelles avec d&#8217;autres être humains, les arts, nos progrès scientifiques, une société<em> décente </em>(NdT : intraduisible)<em>,</em> nos communautés, un environnement sain et encore bien d&#8217;autres choses, expériences, qui ne peuvent avoir de prix.</p>
<p>L’État soutient, idolâtre et cherche à maintenir ce système économique et industriel fondé sur la consommation. De la politique monétaire au <a href="http://www.wikiberal.org/wiki/Capitalisme_de_connivence" target="_blank">capitalisme de connivence</a>, l&#8217;intervention de l’État sur les marchés vise à engendrer le plus possible d&#8217;activités économiques. L’État défend la croissance économique, peu importe le coût ; il encourage le consumérisme et la dette plutôt que le travail et l&#8217;épargne. Notre culture de consommateurs sans aucun sens est faite de besoins artificiels et de désirs construits pour notre consommation. Toute tactique adoptée par les écologistes qui donnerait davantage de pouvoir aux institutions centralisées ne sera pas une solution ; au contraire, ça ne fera qu&#8217;exacerber le problème.</p>
<p>Au lieu de chercher de fausses solutions, les libéraux et les écologistes devraient promouvoir de véritables marchés libres, qui sont la seule vraie forme de marché capable de créer une économie solidaire, lorsque les petits producteurs peuvent travailler ensemble pour développer leurs productions et se concurrencer dans un marché ouvert. Au-delà des solutions faussement &#8220;vertes&#8221;, les marchés permettront des systèmes d&#8217;économie durable et de commerce équitable.</p>
<p>Marketer la vie est une autre manière de la détruire. Notre société de consommation nous vole nos qualités d&#8217;êtres humains, notre liberté, notre indépendance, notre travail et notre intégrité en tant qu&#8217;êtres doués de sensation. Nous devrions nous libérer de ce comportement.</p>
<p><strong>La dimension humaine, la connexion aux lieux et le rôle des lieux</strong></p>
<p>L&#8217;approche libérale de l&#8217;écologie peut être aussi défendue en étudiant le sentiment d&#8217;appartenance et l&#8217;attachement à un lieu. Être relié à une terre, ou à une quelconque partie de la nature, peut être très puissant. Wendell Berry décrit cela beaucoup mieux dans son histoire <em>&#8220;Mat Feltners World&#8221;</em>, lorsqu&#8217;il évoque un vieux fermier et sa terre. Il écrit :</p>
<blockquote><p>Alors que nous regardons Mat s&#8217;appuyer contre l&#8217;arbre, nous ressentons à quel point il est en symbiose avec celui-ci. Ils sont tous deux devenus âmes-sœurs, égaux en âge, et arrivent finalement au même point. Par la vie qu&#8217;il a vécue, debout face à la lumière, Mat aussi s&#8217;est tenu &#8220;en dehors des bois.&#8221; Tout comme le noyer a abandonné ses noix, Mat s&#8217;est donné librement, nourrissant la terre et donnant naissance à une nouvelle vie. Comme l&#8217;arbre, Mat s&#8217;est enraciné profondément et durablement.<em><br />
</em></p></blockquote>
<p>Cette citation &#8220;Mat s&#8217;est enraciné profondément et durablement&#8221; en dit long à propos de l&#8217;attachement que les gens ont envers un lieu. Le sentiment d&#8217;appartenance peut ressembler à un tas de choses : des souvenirs de la famille et des amis, l’avènement de l&#8217;âge, la consolation, le confort, etc. Le concept d&#8217;un être humain durablement enraciné et connecté à un terrain reflète les profondes obligations qui lie l&#8217;Homme à la Terre. Dans la plupart des cas, le respect pour la terre où l&#8217;on vit s&#8217;ajoute à l&#8217;importance de l&#8217;attachement au lieu. Souvent les gens assimilent leurs terres à leur héritage. Parfois, les gens vivent sur des terres détenues par leur famille depuis des générations, liant les gens à leurs terres à travers une tradition culturelle et une histoire unique. Enfin, des avantages économiques, une fierté et une relation morale et spirituelle avec la terre sont une expérience vécue par de nombreuses personnes.</p>
<p>Le respect pour la terre est une demande d&#8217;attachement à un lieu ; en outre, les pratiques durables d&#8217;usage de la terre, avec la participation de la communauté dans le processus d&#8217;aménagement du territoire, croissent en importance. L&#8217;usage de la terre utilise autant le domaine public que le domaine privé de nos institutions, créant de nouvelles visions de nos paysages. Si elles sont favorisées, les connexions à un lieu évolueront positivement au profit des individus, des communautés et des espaces naturels. Dans un contexte de marché libre, en l&#8217;absence de forces coercitives, le respect pour la terre et les gens qui y sont attachés maximisera les avantages pour l&#8217;environnement et les gens. Dans un monde en constante évolution, ces dimensions humaines sont de plus en plus nécessaires à la politique, à la résolution de conflits et à la réalisation d&#8217;un monde plus juste et durable.</p>
<p>Il est important pour les libéraux de réaliser à quel point ces connexions sont profondes. Le patrimoine culturel est directement lié à la terre. Il suffit d&#8217;observer les Appalaches ou Cascadia : dans les vallées de ces montagnes majestueuses se trouve un patrimoine culturel très profond qui transcende les frontières politiques &#8211; celui-ci trouve sa source dans le patrimoine naturel. Des champs de charbon des Appalaches aux dures forêts des Cascades, les gens ont condamné la destruction de ce patrimoine culturel, que ce soit par les exploitations minières ou l&#8217;industrie du bois. Les gens ont parfaitement raison de se soulever, puisqu&#8217;ils voient leur patrimoine naturel et leur travail tournés en outils de productions et objets divers, et ne se voient plus eux-mêmes en êtres-humains indépendants dans leur environnement naturel.</p>
<p>À propos de ces connexions, il faut revenir sur une critique récurrente envers le mouvement écologiste, ou plutôt les &#8220;extrémistes&#8221; environnementaux. J&#8217;ai écrit auparavant à propos de la <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/19902">répression gouvernementale sur les groupes &#8220;verts&#8221;</a> dans cette ère de la surveillance d&#8217;État. Dans d&#8217;autres articles j&#8217;ai défendu les actions directes des gens protestant contre <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/20329">la construction de Keystone XL</a>, la <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/20117">fracturation hydraulique</a>, <a href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/06/06/dendrocia-cerulea-an-ecological-consideration-2/">le minage de charbon </a><a href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/06/06/dendrocia-cerulea-an-ecological-consideration-2/">en surface</a>, <a href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/03/dirty-duke/">les hausses de taux</a> et bon nombre d&#8217;autres <a href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/changing-institutions/">problèmes environnementaux</a>. Ces vues ont toutes suscité des critiques parmi les libéraux, mais il me semble que le libéral de gauche que je suis l&#8217;emporte malgré tout.</p>
<p>Certes, tout libéral accepte qu&#8217;un individu est justifié moralement à la résistance physique lors de l&#8217;invasion d&#8217;une propriété privée ou d&#8217;une atteinte contre l&#8217;un de ses proches. Protéger sa propriété et résister à la violence (n&#8217;utiliser la force que lorsqu&#8217;elle est provoquée) est un principe fondamental de liberté. Le libertarien affirme souvent que cela justifie l&#8217;existence unique de la propriété privée, et qu&#8217;un &#8220;bien commun&#8221; n&#8217;existerait pas dans une société libertarienne parce que les propriétés communes défient la nature humaine. Les liens à la terre et les patrimoines naturel et culturel montrent bien qu&#8217;il n&#8217;en est rien. L&#8217;individualisme et le collectivisme procèdent tout deux de la nature humaine et peuvent (et devraient) exister pacifiquement dans une société libre.</p>
<p>Ainsi, quand une partie de ces biens communs, un endroit que l&#8217;on aime, peu importe le paysage (montagne, forêt, désert, rivière, côtes&#8230;), est envahie par des mineurs, bûcherons, plateformes de gaz, digues, routes et pipelines – et quand le recours légal fait ce qu&#8217;il fait le mieux : protéger les droits acquis – alors il est moralement justifié d&#8217;entrer en dissidence. Il est moralement justifié d&#8217;utiliser son propre corps pour empêcher la construction, de pratiquer la désobéissance civile et d&#8217;utiliser des tactiques illégales pour préserver les terres. Les tribunaux continueront d&#8217;échouer tandis que l&#8217;action directe est nécessaire pour protester contre les actions criminelles de l’État et des sociétés. L&#8217;action directe rend l&#8217;invasion industrielle et étatique de la propriété privée et des espaces sauvages (ou autres) d&#8217;autant plus onéreuses pour les institutions concernées, d&#8217;autant plus difficiles à mettre en œuvre car tout nouveau projet sera davantage étudié avant d&#8217;être validé. C&#8217;est pourquoi ces actions sont si importantes, et pourquoi des gens comme <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81EZUkYzrxU">Tim De Christopher</a> en réalisent.</p>
<p>Si chacun préfère ne pas désobéir et toujours respecter la loi, alors mener de telles actions est, en soi, un choix moral. Il y a de grandes conséquences à attendre d&#8217;un tel choix. Comme Berry et Abbey le notent, la désobéissance à la loi civile pourrait bien être une obéissance à une loi morale bien plus élevée.</p>
<p><strong>Les mouvements sociaux et la transition</strong></p>
<p>Le mouvement écologiste est un <a href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/changing-institutions/">vaste mouvement</a><a href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/changing-institutions/">mondial</a>, engagé dans de nombreux combats. Les sujets sont vastes et d&#8217;envergure mondiale comme la lutte contre<a href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/08/human-dimensions-of-resource-management/">le changement climatique,</a> d&#8217;envergure nationale comme la lutte contre l&#8217;implantation du <a href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/07/15/stop-construction-tear-down-walls/">pipeline Keystone XL</a>, et d&#8217;envergure locale comme la lutte contre <a href="http://www.metropulse.com/news/2012/dec/12/battle-over-james-white-parkway-extension-heats/">la construction </a><a href="http://www.metropulse.com/news/2012/dec/12/battle-over-james-white-parkway-extension-heats/">de r</a><a href="http://www.metropulse.com/news/2012/dec/12/battle-over-james-white-parkway-extension-heats/">outes</a>. Avec tant de luttes en cours, quiconque se sent concerné peut contribuer au combat pour défendre et protéger la cause qui lui tient à cœur, par tous les moyens acceptables d&#8217;un point de vue individuel. Personnellement, je vis dans les Appalaches, je suis impliqué dans de nombreux mouvements sociaux qui tentent d&#8217;arrêter l&#8217;extraction minière à ciel ouvert, le déclin des espèces, la déformation des paysages et l&#8217;endiguement des rivières.</p>
<p>Les mouvements sociaux et les organisations <em>grass-roots</em>, couplés aux marchés libres, sont extrêmement importants car la structure et la nature profonde des grandes institutions est de faire ressortir le pire chez les gens – qu&#8217;il s&#8217;agisse d&#8217;institutions publiques ou privées. Ils sont tout-puissants et la collusion de l’État avec l&#8217;industrie des énergies fossiles est terriblement dangereuse pour les gens qui tiennent à leur patrimoine naturel et culturel. Si les individus ont un problème avec ce qui arrive où ils vivent, ils ont droit à l&#8217;action civile et à la désobéissance.</p>
<p>Mais, qu&#8217;en est-il des marchés libres ? Contrairement à une croyance populaire au sein des écologistes étatistes, si les marchés étaient libérés, l&#8217;industrie des énergies fossiles ne gagnerait pas tous les droits à polluer. Au contraire, dans un marché radicalement libre, des économies de transition se développeraient et une approche de la gestion des ressources plus <a href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/05/adaptive-collaboration/">collaborative et adaptative</a>, respectueuse de l&#8217;écosystème, émergerait (simplement parce que l&#8217;industrie est bien trop coûteuse pour opérer sans d&#8217;énormes subventions). Seule l&#8217;absence <a href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/04/28/freedom-out-of-bounds-2/">d&#8217;institution centralisée</a> rendrait ça possible.</p>
<p>Mais à quoi un tel système pourrait-il ressembler ? Il est impossible de savoir avec certitude comment un tel système peut être géré lorsque les formes sociales de marché sont spontanées ; mais quelques arguments peuvent être avancés sur ce qui pourrait arriver. <a href="http://www.public.asu.edu/~majansse/pubs/egec.pdf">Les dimensions humaines dans la gestion des ressources seraient de plus en plus importantes</a> tandis que la redistribution du pouvoir des agences de ressources vers les communautés qu&#8217;elles servent aurait tendance à croître. Ces aspects humains seraient source de débats et d&#8217;échanges honnêtes entre les professionnels, les parties prenantes et les membres de la communauté affectés par les politiques de gestion. Ces approches occasionneraient une collaboration entre les agences et les gens, autrement dit une prise de décision démocratique. Impliquer les citoyens tout en favorisant les échanges publics et le débat raisonné conduirait au consensus et rendrait légitimes les décisions de gestion. Un tel processus public permettrait d&#8217;éviter <a href="http://scholarship.law.uc.edu/fac_pubs/115/">la prise de contrôle d&#8217;une agence</a>, tout en favorisant la représentation des attentes des gens, et <a href="http://ecowatch.com/2013/obama-attorneys-law-firm-represents-transcanada/">non les intérêts de nos institutions ou de l&#8217;industrie</a>.</p>
<p>La collaboration adaptative pourrait alimenter la transition. La <a href="http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art24/">gestion par la collaboration adaptative</a> (GCA) est un modèle de résolution de conflit développé pour résoudre des problèmes complexes nécessitant une action collective. Dépassant les points de vue personnels, ce style de gestion convie la science, la politique et les intérêts sous-jacents à s&#8217;unir pour clore les conflits. La GCA vise à développer des résolutions bénéfiques à tout les points de vue. Bien que ces résolutions nécessitent de relever de vrais défis, il est de plus en plus évident que les défis auxquels nous faisons face au 21ème siècle requièrent une action collective. Ces défis nécessitent que des idéologies en opposition fassent des compromis difficiles en vue de solutions durables. La GCA est un instrument efficace pour amener des intérêts divergents à prendre ensemble des décisions difficiles. La collaboration adaptative est une approche beaucoup plus démocratique de la résolution de conflits, contrairement à l&#8217;approche bureaucratique fondée sur une vision &#8220;top down&#8221;.</p>
<p>La GCA peut être décrite comme un modèle simple, composé de quatre niveaux. À mesure que les participants déroulent le modèle, chaque niveau est conçu pour éviter le conflit et promouvoir le compromis entre les différentes parties qui s&#8217;opposent. Le modèle se présente comme suit : la GCA identifie d&#8217;abord le sujet du conflit, puis pourquoi il existe, pour demander ensuite aux individus de développer des options pour un plan d&#8217;action, pour finalement établir un plan d&#8217;action en vue d&#8217;en finir potentiellement avec le conflit. Déterminer sur quoi porte le conflit conduit chaque partie à exprimer son point de vue et ses préoccupations. Cela permet à tous les membres du processus GCA de présenter leurs positions tout en permettant aux intérêts, aux motivations et aux sentiments d&#8217;être entendus par le groupe entier. Le fondement de la collaboration est obtenu en discutant des raisons de l&#8217;existence du conflit. Tout d&#8217;abord, ce processus appelle à se concentrer sur le problème tout en tenant compte de tous les intérêts sous-jacents. Ceci permet ensuite aux participants d&#8217;examiner et de comprendre les liens émotionnels de toutes les parties concernées, et d&#8217;humaniser les arguments. Tandis qu&#8217;on examine les différents points de vue, les parties prenantes peuvent commencer à trouver un terrain d&#8217;entente. Le modèle adopte alors une approche plus progressive pour résoudre le conflit.</p>
<p><img src="http://www.contrepoints.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/acm2.jpg?16fe88" alt="" /></p>
<p>Il y a plusieurs conséquences impliquées à la fois dans le succès et l&#8217;échec de l&#8217;utilisation de la GCA. Le succès dans le processus mènerait à un certain nombre de résultats souhaitables. Le plus important serait sans doute l&#8217;émergence d&#8217;un <a href="http://www.applegatepartnership.org/">leadership pragmatique de la communauté</a>. Concernant la gestion des ressources naturelles, c&#8217;est important parce que la GCA fusionnerait différentes opinions ensemble pour promouvoir un usage durable des ressources. Ceci pourrait conduire en outre à une administration et à des pratiques environnementales bénéfiques à la gestion des ressources naturelles. Le nouveau sens de l&#8217;administration profiterait à la communauté tout en réduisant les impacts environnementaux. D&#8217;un autre coté, l&#8217;échec d&#8217;une collaboration sur les pratiques de gestion des ressources naturelles entraînerait des <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/23/us/23bison.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=0">effets néfastes pour l&#8217;environnement</a> et l&#8217;arrêt du développement d&#8217;une communauté durable.</p>
<p>Les gestionnaires des ressources naturelles du 21e siècle ont du pain sur la planche. La civilisation se rapproche d&#8217;un point de l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;humanité où elle sera forcée de compter avec les effets anthropiques sur la biosphère. Nous vivons maintenant une époque où nous pouvons physiquement voir et expérimenter l&#8217;impact de notre<a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml#.UX8SlaJwdQg">empreinte</a><a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml#.UX8SlaJwdQg"> écologique</a>. Il y a une véritable domination humaine sur tous les systèmes mondiaux. Cette domination affecte toute une gamme de sujets, de la santé humaine aux politiques que nous menons. Alors que nous empiétons davantage sur les systèmes naturels, <a href="http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_spread_of_new_diseases_the_climate_connection/2199/">la transmission de nouvelles maladies</a> à l&#8217;homme via les animaux et insectes est en croissance rapide. Un important problème politique qui monte actuellement aux États-Unis est la réforme de l&#8217;immigration. Des études suggèrent qu&#8217;un grand nombre d&#8217;<a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/0727/Climate-change-set-to-boost-Mexican-immigration-to-the-US-says-study">agriculteurs mexicains pourraient migrer vers le nord</a> en raison des effets du changement climatique sur le rendement de leurs champs. Il existe de nombreux autres exemples de liens entre l&#8217;impact de l&#8217;homme sur la biosphère et les affaires courantes. La question est de savoir comment l&#8217;humanité peut répondre à ces questions.</p>
<p>Les implications de ces défis nécessitent une approche scientifique de la gestion des ressources pour accompagner rapidement les changements face à la grande incertitude que nous réserve l&#8217;avenir. Cette incertitude résulte des changements environnementaux mondiaux, des politiques économiques &#8220;néo-libérales&#8221; et de la mondialisation de l&#8217;économie. Nous devons commencer à interroger les implications à long terme de l&#8217;utilisation de nos ressources naturelles, tout en prêtant attention aux exigences sociétales et au bien-être dans un marché mondialisé. Les experts des sciences naturelles et des sciences sociales, les politiciens, les secteurs privé et public doivent commencer à travailler ensemble pour restaurer la biosphère, protéger la bio-diversité et promouvoir la durabilité. Nous devons faire preuve d&#8217;honnêteté concernant les limites de nos écosystèmes naturels et mettre en œuvre des politiques qui répondent le mieux possible aux besoins, à la santé et aux exigences d&#8217;une société éclairée. En agissant de cette façon, les gestionnaires des ressources peuvent contribuer à la santé de la biosphère sur le long-terme. Utilisée de façon ouverte et responsable, la GCA est un mécanisme qui peut démocratiquement fusionner ensemble des intérêts divergents pour une meilleure planète.</p>
<p>Les caractéristiques les plus importantes de cette gestion par la collaboration adaptative sont sans doute la participation constante et la diversité des idées. Cela permet aux participants d&#8217;avancer vers le meilleur plan possible. Cependant, cette diversité a de très larges implications sur la conduite des affaires. La GCA peut être utilisée comme un argument pour promouvoir la redistribution du pouvoir, pour défendre des idées qui profitent aux gens, au véritable marché et à l&#8217;environnement.</p>
<p>L&#8217;implication collaborative donne à chaque citoyen une voix plus importante dans le processus de décision dans la mesure où elle rejette une approche &#8220;top-down&#8221; de la gestion des ressources.</p>
<p><strong>Au delà des frontières politiques</strong></p>
<p>Les États ont découpé les paysages, non pas en se fondant sur une approche scientifique de la gestion des ressources, la géologie ou l&#8217;écologie, mais plutôt selon des fins politiques. Les États ont dessiné des lignes fictives sur le sol dans le seul but de déclarer les terres comme leurs propriétés – et donc en vue de les exploiter. Dans une société sans État, il y aurait toujours des frontières, mais elles ne seraient pas politiques.</p>
<p>Une vraie société libertarienne analyserait plutôt les terres en terme de lignes d&#8217;eaux, d&#8217;écosystèmes, de capacité à la production alimentaire, de ressources disponibles à l&#8217;échange, de patrimoine culturel etc. Sans frontières politiques, mais avec des frontières naturelles, l&#8217;humanité serait davantage consciente de ses environnements naturels, des ressources à sa disposition, et les relations entre communauté et environnement seraient bien mieux comprises. Dans cette société, nous serions libérés des institutions centralisées qui nous volent cette expérience et nous privent de toute chance de mélanger notre travail productif avec ce qui devrait être &#8220;notre&#8221; territoire.</p>
<p>En résumé, nous récupérerions notre patrimoine culturel. Comme l&#8217;anarchiste Gary Snyder l&#8217;a finement soutenu dans &#8220;<em>The Practice of the Wild</em>&#8220;, si les gens vont au-delà des institutions politiques et voient nos juridictions comme un territoire vierge et naturel, alors l&#8217;action politique s&#8217;efforcerait de protéger encore plus ce paysage naturel. Lorsque nous sommes fiers de notre travail personnel, de notre communauté et de notre environnement immédiat, nous trouvons un intérêt collectif à protéger nos paysages naturels – notre nouvelle relation avec le patrimoine culturel l&#8217;exigerait. Nous chercherions à prendre soin de l&#8217;eau, des plantes, des animaux, et de toutes nos ressources parce qu&#8217;elles feraient partie de notre environnement immédiat : il s&#8217;agirait d&#8217;une nouvelle façon de s&#8217;organiser politiquement et je crois que c&#8217;est ce qui arriverait dans une société sans État.</p>
<p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, c&#8217;est le cœur du mouvement environnementaliste libéral : protéger les liens forts avec les territoires, protéger les lignes d&#8217;eaux et les paysages, protéger la biodiversité, et aller au-delà de la destruction de ces communautés écologiques. Ces idées devraient triompher au sein des libéraux puisque car, appliquées, cela libérerait la société des économies centralisées et des gouvernements hégémoniques.</p>
<p><strong>Remise en question de la technologie</strong></p>
<p>Eh, si les écologistes obtiennent ce qu&#8217;ils souhaitent, nous allons tous vivre dans des huttes en terre ! C&#8217;est une objection commune faite aux verts, une objection à courte vue à vrai dire. Tout bon écologiste sait que les villes sont (ou peuvent) être incroyablement durables et plus il y aura de volontaires pour y vivre, plus il y aura de terres protégées de <a href="http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/urban-sprawl/">l&#8217;étalement urbain</a>. Il n&#8217;y a aucune raison de retourner aux huttes en terre, il y a toutes les raisons d&#8217;emprunter résolument la voie du du 21ème siècle.</p>
<p>Toutefois, les libéraux écologistes, doivent s&#8217;élever contre la technologie – et pas uniquement contre les malheurs de la consommation. Produit d&#8217;un travail créatif, la technologie est bien sûr très bénéfique et sera une aide précieuse pour un développement économique durable. Mais d&#8217;un autre coté, à voir les progrès technologiques appliqués à la planète entière (le cas le plus extrême : <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/27/opinion/geoengineering-our-last-hope-or-a-false-promise.html?pagewanted=all">la géo-ingénierie du climat)</a>, à l&#8217;humanité (voir les <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/the-nsa-files">fuites concernant la NSA</a>) et à tout être vivant, il y a une domination anthropocentrique absolue sur les systèmes écologiques. Un bon exemple est bien sûr la technologie nucléaire, particulièrement les armes. La grande course à l&#8217;armement nucléaire entre les États a créé suffisamment de puissance pour mettre fin à l&#8217;humanité, exterminer l&#8217;espèce humaine et menacer l&#8217;évolution écologique de notre planète. Aux mains des États, la technologie nucléaire est hégémonique et terrifiante. Il y a de nombreux autres exemples de technologie dangereuse mais, en dernière analyse, la technologie conduit à une vision du monde simpliste et hégémonique ; c&#8217;est une insulte à la nature humaine.</p>
<p>La technologie contribue aussi à une centralisation du pouvoir, d&#8217;autant plus que c&#8217;est <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/19302">l&#8217;intelligentsia privilégiée</a>qui oriente l&#8217;innovation principalement dans ce domaine. Cela donne à l&#8217;élite le pouvoir de dominer tout le monde. La technologie est née dans un système de hiérarchie et d&#8217;autorité qui défend les structures sociales basées sur la tyrannie. L&#8217;écologisme et le libéralisme forment ensemble le cœur de la dissidence contre cette autorité puisqu&#8217;ils sont tous deux opposés au pouvoir privilégié de quelques-uns.</p>
<p>Quelle meilleure raison pour les mouvements libéraux que d&#8217;adopter l&#8217;écologie ? Concernant l&#8217;énergie, les sociétés de combustibles fossiles sont centralisées sous l&#8217;égide de &#8216;État. Comme le savent les libertariens, &#8220;la guerre est la santé de l&#8217;État&#8221;, nous devrions aussi savoir que l&#8217;industrie des énergies fossiles alimente ses agressions. Pour assurer sa survie, la dépendance de l’État envers l&#8217;industrie des énergies fossiles est absolue : de la production de l&#8217;armement, à la militarisation (jusqu&#8217;à l&#8217;espace), en passant par l&#8217;hégémonie, le transport, l&#8217;encouragement à la consommation etc. La raison pour laquelle l&#8217;énergie fossile est si importante est que l&#8217;État en est dépendant.</p>
<p>La véritable solution à la crise énergétique et environnementale est l&#8217;autonomisation et la prise de pouvoir social, en remplacement de la foi sociale en un pouvoir centralisé par des institutions dominantes. Cela ne nous ramènera pas des siècles en arrière, mais va plutôt nous conduire, via des économies de transition, vers une démocratisation de la technologie. La démocratisation de l&#8217;énergie est une grande inquiétude de l&#8217;État, parce qu&#8217;une fois que nous aurons réalisé quel est le pouvoir de l&#8217;État et son influence sur nous tous, tout s&#8217;effondrera. Il n&#8217;y a aucune raison que nous soyons branchés sur un réseau électrique centralisé et que notre mode de vie dépende de quelques entreprises. La démocratisation des technologies émergentes et de l’énergie permettra aux gens de sortir du réseau centralisé et conduira les individus et les communautés à s&#8217;alimenter eux-mêmes, via les transactions de marché et les ressources à leur disposition : réseaux intelligents, nouvelles technologies de l&#8217;énergie solaire, éolien à petite échelle, géo-thermique, micro-générateurs, jardins communautaires, fermes urbaines, économies locales émergentes etc. Nous pouvons d&#8217;ores et déjà sortir des grandes institutions centralisées.</p>
<p>La première étape de cette transition est de commencer par le plus simple : l&#8217;efficience énergétique. <a href="http://aceee.org/blog/2013/08/thinking-big-about-energy-efficiency">L&#8217;efficience est une façon de réduire les coûts en vue de nous préparer à une nouvelle ère débarrassée des énergies fossiles</a>. C&#8217;est aussi incroyablement démocratique. Il s&#8217;agit simplement d&#8217;isoler et d&#8217;améliorer nos maisons et les entreprises, qu&#8217;elles soient privées ou publiques, afin de conserver davantage d&#8217;argent dans <em>nos</em> poches. Le travail d&#8217;efficience énergétique dans nos maisons et nos lieux de travail nous rendra moins dépendants des formes centralisées de production d&#8217;énergie. Autrement dit, plus il y aura d&#8217;argent dans nos poches, moins il y en aura dans les mains des monopoles publics. De même que l&#8217;industrie fossile a fortement dépendu de la mécanisation pour rendre les entreprises efficientes, les programmes d&#8217;isolation et d&#8217;efficience énergétique au sein des communautés créeront des emplois pour tous les niveaux d&#8217;éducation et de revenu ; ainsi les gens qui auront perdu leur travail lié au machinisme obtiendront en échange un travail qui aura du sens. Comme pour toute économie de transition, lorsque la recherche et le développement sont libérés des intérêts des sociétés d&#8217;État, de nouvelles technologies apparaîtront ; mais l&#8217;efficience énergétique est notre premier pas vers la libération de l&#8217;énergie.</p>
<p><strong>Une considération écologique</strong></p>
<p>Une société libérée et sans État prônerait la liberté d&#8217;expression, célébrerait les différences d&#8217;opinions et mettrait tout en œuvre pour protéger toute forme de vie (bactéries, insectes, plantes, reptiles, mammifères, amphibiens, etc.), les habitats, les écosystèmes, et nos précieuses ressources naturelles. L’humanité vivrait par le consentement géologique et écologique : elle serait dépendante de la nature et s&#8217;enrichirait grâce aux vastes territoires et aux espaces sauvages. Une société libertarienne serait dépendante de zones étendues de la planète, préservées de la présence de l&#8217;Homme, et dont il n&#8217;exploiterait pas les ressources pour sa consommation.</p>
<p>La diversité biologique est extrêmement importante. L’homogénéisation de la biosphère agit comme la commercialisation de la vie humaine. Vu que les espèces tendent vers l&#8217;extinction et que les paysages sont altérés pour une consommation inutile, cette homogénéisation est très possible et menace de nous voler nos lieux de recueillement. Sans paysage naturel, l&#8217;être humain serait totalement industrialisé et nos vies seraient absolument dégradées. Nous n’aurions plus de territoires ni d&#8217;espaces sauvages.</p>
<p>Nos cités et nos villes sont absolument incroyables. Nous avons construit des communautés fascinantes, durables et des voisinages qui signifient tant pour nous. Nous avons travaillé pendant des siècles pour construire ces lieux et ils devraient être célébrés. Cependant, la colonisation a ses effets, et en abuser ne serait pas une bonne chose, comme le note Eward Abbey :</p>
<blockquote><p>Si tous les États-Unis étaient devenus une énorme colonisation, une grande ville, il n&#8217;y aurait plus rien pour la comparer. On perdrait le mode de vie rural, le mode de vie agraire, les fermes, les ranchs, les espaces ouverts, les forêts, les déserts, les montagnes et les rivages. Tout aurait été débordé, dévoré. Il semble que ce soit la direction vers laquelle nous allons à présent. Et si nous parvenons à ce projet fou d&#8217;essayer de dominer toute la planète et de tout réduire à une culture industrielle, nous nous retournerons alors les uns contre les autres et nous commencerons à en dévorer une autre encore plus vigoureusement et férocement que ce que nous sommes déjà.</p></blockquote>
<p>Plus il y a d&#8217;espaces libres et sauvages préservés, moins il y a d&#8217;espaces disponibles pour être exploités par les industries et les États. La préservation de la nature ralentira l&#8217;industrialisation de la planète et freinera la croissance des États. La protection de l&#8217;environnement nous libérera du consumérisme, de l&#8217;énergie et des technologies injustes. Cela nous libérera de notre obsession de la croissance. Cela nous libérera, ainsi que la nature, des pouvoirs centralisés et de la suprématie technologique. Qui sommes-nous pour nous refuser, à nous-mêmes et aux générations futures, la vertueuse expérience des contrées sauvages et de la vie sauvage ?</p>
<p>Le libéralisme et les espaces sauvages sont nécessaires pour la survie de chacun. Comme Gary Snyder le dit : &#8220;Sauvage ne signifie pas désordonné ; ça signifie une autre forme d&#8217;ordre.&#8221; Une autre forme d&#8217;ordre dont nous avons, en tant qu&#8217;espèce vivante, désespérément besoin.</p>
<p>&#8212;</p>
<p><strong>Travaux cités :</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Abbey, Edward. Desert Solitaire. McGraw-Hill. 1968</li>
<li>Armsworth, Paul ET Al. Ecosystem Service Science and the  Way Forward for Conservation. Conservation Biology, Vol 21, No. 6.  Society for Conservation Biology. 2007.</li>
<li>Berry, Wendell. The Long Legged House. Harcourt, Brace &amp; World, Inc. United States of America. 1965.</li>
<li>Berry, Wendell. The Agrarian Standard. Orion Magazine. 2002.</li>
<li>BeeHive Collective. The True Cost of Coal. No Copyright</li>
<li>Cattan, Nacha. “Climate Change Set to Boost Mexican Immigration to the US, Says Study.” The Christian Science Monitor. 2010.</li>
<li>Cheng, S Atony et al. “Place” as an Integrating Concept  in Natural Resource Politics. Propositions for a Social Science Research  Agenda. Taylor and Francis. Society and Natural Resources. 16:87 -104.  2003.</li>
<li>Churchill et al. Angler Conflicts in Fisheries Management. Fisheries, Vol. 27, No.2. 2002. www.fisheries.org</li>
<li>Decker, Daniel J and Lisa C. Chase. Human Dimension Approaches to Citizen Input: Keys for</li>
<li>Franklin, Jerry. “Preparing for an Uncertain World: Talking With Jerry Franklin. The Forestry Source. Corvallis OR, 2008.</li>
<li>Freyfogle, Eric T. Bounded People, Boundless Land.  Stewardship Across Boundaries. ed. Richard Night and Peter Landues.  Island Press, 1998.</li>
<li>Groffman, Peter et al. Restarting the Conversation:  Challenges at the Interface of Ecology and Society. Frontiers in Ecology  and the Environment, 2010.</li>
<li>Heifetz, Ronald. “Leadership Without Easy Answers.” The  Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.  London, England.</li>
<li>Robbins, Jim. “Anger Over Culling of Yellowstone’s Bison.” The New York Times. New York, 2008.</li>
<li>Rolle, Su. “Measure of Progress for Collaboration: Case  Study of the Applegate Partnership.” United States Forest Service.  Ashland, OR 2002.</li>
<li>Shah, Sonia. “The Spread of New Diseases: The Climate Connection.” Yale Environment 360. Yale University. 2009.</li>
<li>The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. “Little Book of  Conflict Resolution.” UTK Conflict Resolution Program. Knoxville, TN  1995.</li>
<li>Thoreau, Henry David. Resistance to Civil Government. 1849</li>
<li>Wagner, Melinda B. Space and Place, Land and Legacy.  Culture, Environment and Conservation in the Appalachian South. Ed  Benita Howell, 2002. University of Ih Press.</li>
</ul>
<p>écrit par <a title="Posts by Grant Mincy" href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/grant-mincy" rel="author">Grant Mincy</a>.</p>
<p>traduit par <a href="http://www.contrepoints.org/2013/10/05/141482-considerations-ecologiques-libertarianisme-13" target="_blank">Contrepoints</a>.</p>
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		<title>Climate Change, Institutions and Emerging Orders</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/21568</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Sep 2013 18:00:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[capitalism]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[corporate state]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The long-awaited Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2013 report is now making headlines. The report is designed to inform the global community about the current state of climate science &#8212; the scientific debate, consensus and (most importantly) data. We will learn of the latest scientific projections of temperature increase, sea level rise and extremes in weather. The report is seven...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The long-awaited <a title="IPCC 2013 Report" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2013 report</a> is now making headlines. The report is designed to inform the global community about the current state of climate science &#8212; the <em>scientific</em> debate, consensus and (most importantly) data.</p>
<p>We will learn of the latest scientific projections of temperature increase, sea level rise and extremes in weather. The report is seven years in the making and is currently the ultimate in climate science &#8212; not Al Gore, not Rush Limbaugh, but actual scientists who study climate.</p>
<p>So, expect three things to happen: <a title="Risks of communication: discourses on climate change in science, politics, and the mass media" href="http://pus.sagepub.com/content/9/3/261.short">Media sensationalism</a>, arguments for <a title="Leading climate change economist brands sceptics 'irrational'" href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/sep/24/lord-stern-climate-change-sceptics-irrational">government interventionism</a> in the market and, finally, the continuing <a title="The Stigmergic Revolution" href="http://c4ss.org/content/8914">stigmergic revolution</a>.</p>
<p>Media sensationalism has <a title="IPCC faces criticism ahead of report's release" href="http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2013/s3857357.htm">already started</a>. This is nothing new. The media always presents, hypes and glorifies two sides of <em>the environmental issue</em> of our time (even though there is <a title="PNAS - Expert credibility in climate change " href="http://www.pnas.org/content/107/27/12107.short">overwhelming consensus</a> that anthropogenic activity is impacting climate). My advice when it comes to the media and climate change? Turn off the radio, turn off the television, put down the book Bill McKibben or Sean Hannity wrote and please instead devote time to the science. Mainstream media is not for news, it is for entertainment &#8212; sadly.</p>
<p>Then come the calls for government interventionism. Whenever climate change is in the limelight, liberals tend to champion the need for our great government institutions to once again save human civilization. Conservatives and other skeptics advocate that these same government institutions should save big business from the liberals. Both arguments are absurd.</p>
<p>Modern liberal visions of empowering the state to combat climate change are short-sighted to say the least. Empowering bureaucracy to combat something as urgent as climate change will only exacerbate our environmental problems. Bureaucracy is slow, un-democratic and ripe with special interests. Any hope of changing power structures so they act with benevolence will fall flat. In the face of complex wicked problems facing our entire biosphere we should act in ways that make our institutions unnecessary &#8212; to work around hierarchy and build a new society free of institutional supremacy.</p>
<p>Which brings me to my other point: On the other side of the very same bureaucracy we have modern conservatives advocating that &#8220;<a title="Rick Santorum: Climate change is ‘junk science" href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0611/56599.html">junk science</a>&#8221; should not foster policy and any attempts to do so are just <a title="Green Is the New Red: The Crackdown on Environmental Activists " href="http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2011/05/green-new-red-crackdown-environmental-activists">outright attacks</a> on good ole American capitalism. In reality, what we often find is government supporting big industry. For just one example, liberal champion and US President Barack Obama is stomping around the country <a title="President Obama Gets It: Fracking Is Awesome" href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/02/12/president-obama-gets-it-fracking-is-awesome/">advocating natural gas</a> as a clean burning &#8220;bridge fuel&#8221; &#8212; the answer to the climate problem. The administration has ignored <a title="Shale gas production: potential versus actual greenhouse gas emissions" href="http://m.iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/4/044030/pdf/1748-9326_7_4_044030.pdf">methane emissions</a> (by touting that they are <a title="Measurements of Methane Emissions at Natural Gas Production Sites in the United States Supporting Information" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2013/09/11/1304880110.DCSupplemental/sapp.pdf">less than projected</a> as if that means there are no emissions), <a title="Increased stray gas abundance in a subset of drinking water wells near Marcellus shale gas extraction " href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/06/19/1221635110.abstract">groundwater contamination </a>and other <a title="Environmental Impacts Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing" href="http://www.networkforphl.org/_asset/w74j2w/">environmental impacts</a> of hydraulic fracturing. Government institutions go out of their way to protect and support the economic ruling class. Big business has no better friend than big government.</p>
<p>In the face of our environmental crisis, however, we are witness to emerging orders.</p>
<p>The greatest of biological phenomenons &#8212; <a title="Topic: Spontaneous Order" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&amp;staticfile=show.php%3Fcollection=104&amp;Itemid=27">Spontaneous Order</a> &#8212; is already at work solving the problems we face today. We see this in emerging ideas of <a title="Slow Food USA" href="http://www.slowfoodusa.org/">food production</a> in the form of <a title="Evergreen State Permaculture" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EB8VN9XBFA">local permaculture farms</a> and the <a title="Urban Food" href="http://urbanfood.org/">urban food</a> movement. We see it in the emerging philosophy of <a title="Adaptive Collaboration" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/05/adaptive-collaboration/">Adaptive Collaborative Management</a> in regards to the utilization of natural resources. We see social movements dedicated to <a title="Dendrocia cerulea: An Ecological Consideration" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/06/06/dendrocia-cerulea-an-ecological-consideration-2/">preserving cultural and natural heritage</a>. There is work being done that is <a title="Changing Institutions" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/changing-institutions/">changing our institutions</a> to give communities <a title="Libertarianism – An Ecological Consideration" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/08/08/libertarianism-an-ecological-consideration/">democratic energy</a> in the form of <a title="Microgeneration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgeneration">micro-generation</a> and <a title="Solidarity Economies" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_economy">solidarity economies.</a> There are many more examples of grassroots movements working to protect our ecology.</p>
<p>Climate change presents a great challenge to civilization. Where there is labor to be done, we will do it. Expect us.</p>
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		<title>Libertarianism: An Ecological Consideration</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/20729</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Aug 2013 23:00:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Feature Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[environmentalism]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Industrial Utility In the vast arid lands of the Arckaringa Basin in Australia a major shale oil discovery has been made. Linc Energy has discovered across 16 million acres of land an estimated 133 – 233 billion barrels of shale oil that lies beneath the region&#8217;s lithology. No matter how much of this oil is...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Industrial Utility</strong></p>
<p>In the vast arid lands of the Arckaringa Basin in Australia <a title="Austrailia oil discovery" href="http://www.pennenergy.com/index/blogs/all-energy-all-the-time/2011/09/oil-shale-discovery-in-south-australia-proves-significant.html">a major shale oil discovery</a> has been made. Linc Energy has discovered across 16 million acres of land an estimated 133 – 233 billion barrels of shale oil that lies beneath the region&#8217;s lithology. No matter how much of this oil is recoverable using modern technology, the discovery is sure to be valued <a title="Shale energy valued in the trillions" href="http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/">in the trillions</a> at current market value. Peter Bond, chief executive of Linc Energy, is marketing a deposit that has the potential to transform the global oil industry. This is an incredible finding with incredible consequences.</p>
<p>Oil is a highly sought after commodity as it currently <a title="Fueling the economy" href="http://www.worldwatch.org/global-fossil-fuel-consumption-surges">fuels much of the developed worlds economy</a> – along with other fossil resources such as coal. Investment in this new discovery will suit well for investors. There is a lot of money to be made and the sheer volume of the discovery points to long-term production of the resource. This has major implications for the economy of the area as well. Production will raise demand for workers of all ability levels and educational backgrounds.</p>
<p>The immensity of this discovery is sure to plunge Australia into the latest energy boom: <a title="Shale energy boom" href="http://www.abqjournal.com/244219/biz/worldwide-shale-boom-bypassing-four-corners.html">Shale energy</a>. Spreading wildly across the United States and Canada, giant shale reserves have been exploited, increasing domestic energy production and causing economic booms across the region. Where there are booms, however, the business cycle illustrates a bust is sure to follow &#8211; especially when <a title="Taxpayers and shale energy" href="http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/the-silent-partner-behind-the-shale-energy-boom-taxpayers/?_r=0">heavy government subsidies</a> are needed to maintain the boom. Artificial bubbles always burst. For this reason a number of people protest shale energy speculation.</p>
<p>Shale energy is not productive enough to pay for itself, which is why governments have started heavily subsidizing natural gas extraction. It is true that the shale bubble has lowered energy costs in the short term, but this is because lenders, investors and government subsidies have lowered prices for consumers &#8211; the (not so) secrete mega investors in shale energy are tax-payers. As for the jobs boon, it is important to note that the high wage opportunities are for specialized labor. The majority of jobs produced are low wage &#8211; truck drivers, well pad operators and so on. When the shale bubble bursts, as always, the low-income, working class and middle class will shoulder the economic burden. Big money will be made for investors while communities deal with the economic bust and captured markets that follow production.</p>
<p>There is also an environmental movement protesting shale energy production. This movement is frowned upon by many movement libertarians. There are good reasons why as many mainstream environmentalists would use the power of the state to interfere with voluntary contracts and the rights of individuals to decide what to do with their property. There is also reason, however, to support a libertarian case <em>against</em> such industrial activity as well – such as <a title="Cumpolsory pooling and landowner rights" href="http://rafiusa.org/issues/landowner-rights-and-fracking/forced-pooling/">compulsory pooling laws</a> and the ever powerful eminent domain. For an example: Michael Hinrichs, director of public affairs for the Jordan Cove Energy Project and the Pacific Connector Gas Pipeline, <a title="The use of eminent domain" href="http://www.npr.org/2013/05/29/186439399/natural-gas-export-plan-unites-oregon-landowners-against-it">said eminent domain was not their “preferred method” of obtaining development rights</a>, adding: &#8220;We&#8217;d much rather come to an equitable agreement with the landowners.&#8221; Very noble of a company to only use coercive force after they fail to reach their desired agreement with property owners. Any libertarian should acknowledge that eminent domain is a gross violation of property rights. Compulsory pooling laws are just as intrusive.</p>
<p>Along with gas extraction comes road and well pad construction, noise and air pollution, increased smog, <a title="Waste water pollution" href="http://www.npr.org/2013/08/07/209832887/epa-wants-to-allow-continued-wastewater-dumping-in-wyoming">increased</a> water pollution and giant tanker trucks utilized for the transportation of large volumes of freshwater for <a title="Hydraulic fracturing" href="http://www.propublica.org/special/hydraulic-fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> and transportation of the harvested resource. In this arid region of Australia, any undisturbed wilderness is soon to be industrialized for the attainment of this resource, just as the rural lands of the States and Canada have been industrialized. This is of course true for all extractive industries – be it mountaintop removal coal mining in Appalachia, open-pit mining in the great open west or large timber operations in the Pacific Northwest (just to name a few).</p>
<p><a href="http://appalachianson.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/obamafracking.jpg"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://appalachianson.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/obamafracking.jpg?w=300" alt="ObamaFracking" width="400" height="233" /></a></p>
<p>Of course it would be irresponsible to call for the halt all fossil energy production overnight. No responsible environmentalist should call for such an activity as our infrastructure would collapse. The very privileged argument that utility rates should be raised to pay for “green” infrastructure is also irresponsible as this would grossly impact low-income households. There is reason, however, to call for free, liberated markets where the creative labor human beings long to conduct can begin a transition economy. For if we lived in a truly free(d) market system, without state intervention, the modern, centralized fossil fuel industries would surely crumble under <a title="Subsidies for fossils" href="http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energysubsidies/">their enormous cost</a>. Without federal involvement in energy markets, fossil energy firms (among the largest corporations on the planet) would instead focus on the creation of new energy models and internal risk-pooling to examine alternatives to high-risk projects.</p>
<p>Without state collusion, in other words, what would develop is an <a title="Ecosystem services" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00821.x/abstract">ecosystem service</a> approach to natural resource management, with adaptive collaboration and a reliance on the resources of local communities. I will explore these opportunities in this essay as I wish to build the libertarian case for the environment, and why more self-described libertarians should engage the environmental movement.</p>
<p><strong>Jefferson Over Hamilton</strong></p>
<p>The mainstream libertarian movement in the United States ties its idealism to the founders of the early government. Many in the mainstream movement champion individual rights, small limited government, constitutional representation and classical liberalism. At the time the early United States government was being constructed many arguments and debates occurred among the founders, but arguably the greatest of which occurred between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton.</p>
<p>In Hamilton&#8217;s view it would be irresponsible to place much democratic control in the hands of the people. Hamilton and other federalists believed the country should be ruled by the economic ruling class – the elite, the educated and the privileged. Federalist John Jay put it as bluntly as possible: “Those who own the country ought to govern it.” They favored a strong national government, a broad interpretation of the constitution and put national unity above individualism and states rights. Their economic model, of course, was centrally planned with strict regulation of state economies (the first national bank – which later dissolved – was established by Hamilton as well).</p>
<p>Jefferson was just the opposite and today is a favorite of the US liberty movement. Jefferson believed that an <em>informed</em> public would be able to make wise decisions in national policy. He favored a more open and democratic government and rather disagreed that the elite should rule. He favored a close to nature, close to our neighbors idealism for the United States and sought states rights over federal rights while advocating for a strict interpretation of the constitution.</p>
<p>I understand the sentiment that Thomas Jefferson had it right (though I have no problem noting that Jefferson himself was a member of the elite and was rather hypocritical in many regards to his thoughts on liberty). As a libertarian I believe that in a truly free society we would all be owners of property, as a left-libertarian I believe that some of this property could also be commonly owned. I champion the ideas of independence and self-reliance instead of being subject to the wishes and demands of large bureaucratic institutions. It is the opposite of being a free human being when one is dependent on centralized institutions. I agree with the notion that Jefferson had it more right than Hamilton &#8211; and I would emphasize the community driven nature of the States that he argued for.</p>
<p><strong>Beyond Jefferson </strong></p>
<p>Like Thomas Jefferson, the transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau idealized a close to nature, communitarian approach to life and economics. Thoreau, an agrarian anarchist, also greatly championed individualism, as evident in his <em>Resistance to Civil Government</em>:</p>
<blockquote><p>That government is best which governs not at all; and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have.</p></blockquote>
<p>Moving into the 20<sup>th</sup> and 21<sup>st</sup> centuries there are other libertarian thinkers that champion a more natural approach to social structure and economics, who emphasize on individualism and ones role in their community. Wendell Berry comes to mind. An agrarian from Kentucky, Berry has long mistrusted the government and has made his case against centralized power for a long time now – especially in regards to <a title="Appalachian Coal Mining" href="http://www.plunderingappalachia.org/theissue.htm">Appalachian coal mining</a> and <a title="Industrial agriculture" href="http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/our-failing-food-system/industrial-agriculture/">industrial agriculture</a>. He is an out spoken critic of the heavy government subsidies the industries receive and how these industries divorce human beings from their cultural and natural heritage. In <em>The Long Legged House</em> Berry writes:</p>
<blockquote><p>Since there is no government of which the concern or the discipline is primarily the health either of households or the Earth, since it is the nature of any state to be concerned first of all with its own preservation and only second to the cost, the dependable, clear response to mans moral circumstance is not of law but of conscience. The highest moral behavior is not obedience to law, but obedience to the informed conscience even in spite of law.</p></blockquote>
<p>Perhaps one of the most overlooked voices of the modern liberty movement is Edward Abbey. Abbey, an environmentalist, is also an anarchist. In 1989 Abbey wrote:</p>
<blockquote><p>Anarchism is not a romantic fable but the hardheaded realization, based on five thousand years of experience, that we cannot entrust the management of our lives to kings, priests, politicians, generals, and county commissioners&#8230; Anarchism is founded on the observation that since few men are wise enough to rule themselves, even fewer are wise enough to rule others&#8230; A patriot must always be ready to defend his country against his government.</p></blockquote>
<p>To Abbey, country is much more than nationalism, and it is defiantly <em>not</em> allegiance to government &#8211; or any large institution. He found that in all developed hierarchies, the larger an institution became the more oppressive it would be. Abbey instead advocated that country was the wilderness, the places that have not yet been exploited for consumption. He believed that there are “holy” and “wild” experiences for all of us out there, and that to deprive ourselves and future generations of them would be a great tragedy. Abbey also noted that community, and more importantly, the individual&#8217;s role in the community is also very important. Though he had great distrust for large institutions, he believed greatly in family, friendship, fellowship and human labor. To him “America” was not the government or government sanctioned economic activity, but it was land, wild spaces, individuals and communities.</p>
<p>Karl Hess, in his talk <em><a title="Tools to dismantle the state by Karl Hess" href="http://c4ss.org/content/17072">Tools to Dismantle the State</a>,</em> also shares this notion. In this talk Hess says “to truly love your country you must loathe the nation.” To libertarians the state is an outside force. It weighs down on our creative labor, it wishes to regulate the spontaneous order of markets and it wishes to execute authority over all aspects of liberty. As an environmentalist and a libertarian, I also see that it creeps into the natural world- our wild open spaces as well.</p>
<p>Beyond the federal governments giant grab of “public lands” it also supports large financial institutions and global corporations. So as the government “manages public lands” (read allows public property to be used by industry) it also champions consumption. Corporate logos are well-known across the states (and the world for that matter). Much fewer people can identify rocks or trees or land-plants – the very resources we are dependent upon for our survival. Is this liberating? I would argue not. I would argue this is designed, this is manufactured consent and that we are manipulated. I believe in a truly free market setting there would be more advocacy for wild places, for life experiences, for liberated time and less emphasis on consumption, debt and materialism. We would care much more about country in a liberated society.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>Environment and the State</strong></p>
<p align="LEFT">There is a common sentiment among movement libertarians that one cannot be a libertarian and an environmentalist because environmentalism requires the state. I do not find this to be the case and argue that libertarianism should engage the environmental movement – and the environmental movement needs to adopt libertarianism.</p>
<p align="LEFT">I will start with the National Forest Service and the National Park Service (favorites of environmentalists and many Americans) because they are, unfortunately, very much under the influence of commercial interests. Concessions in parks, hotel lodging, loggers, fish stockers and miners in national forests all encroach on wilderness &#8211; the very thing these institutions are charged to protect. Though parks and national forest lands are championed as safe havens for wildlife (and understandably so, they are the best hope for wilderness in this country) there is a tendency in these &#8220;safe havens&#8221; state environmentalists tend to forget – the tendency to build facilities and roads in the parks and to open up our forests to industrial/commercial exploitation.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Environmentalists are often at odds with the state. There is a continual process of compromise between conservationists, big business and government courts that results in ever more encroachment on wilderness. Every time industry gets a new piece of the landscape it is because environmentalists have had to sacrifice lands or waters they cared about in the name of compromise. Government and industry continually sacrifice natural lands for development to fuel our consumption, which makes it necessary for state and industry to sacrifice more natural areas. In short, whatever the state has done to preserve natural areas it has done even more to help industry exploit them.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Is the biggest threat to our environment the extraction/production/use of fossil fuels? Politicos seem to focus on energy consumption at home and abroad as the reason to champion “green” industries. What is often overlooked in this dialogue is war. War is waged (or just carried out without declaration) by states, for states. War is carried out to expand state power and to obtain more natural resources. War is the health of the state and war is dependent on fossil fuel extraction – no matter how cherished, sacred or endangered the landscape is that holds these resources. Any statist intervention on behalf of the environment will fail in comparison to the states lust for war. For libertarians, championing the environmental cause will help build the movement against the state.</p>
<p align="CENTER"><a href="http://appalachianson.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/p4_paperwrench_new.jpg"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://appalachianson.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/p4_paperwrench_new.jpg?w=500" alt="p4_paperwrench_new" width="415" height="328" /></a></p>
<p align="LEFT">State environmentalists are short sighted for a number of reasons, but perhaps the greatest is their reliance on bureaucracy. The bureaucracy is undying &#8211; it does not matter what liar is the executive. Empowering the state bureaucracy to manage our natural resources will only make matters worse as the state seeks health for one thing only: the state. The greatest hurdles for environmentalists to overcome are government hurdles &#8211; which is why &#8220;<a title="Paper wrenching" href="http://www.beehivecollective.org/imagegallery/main.php?g2_itemId=2249">paper wrenching</a>&#8221; has become such a vital tactic for the environmental movement. The permitting process for fossil harvesting, weak environmental legislation (which is interpreted by the whims of whoever holds office) and mountains of bureaucratic paperwork rubber stamp big industry projects and serve only to benefit big industry. Paper wrenching has been an effective tactic because as community members learn the law, they can begin slowing this process. States wish to centralize power and economic activity, not empower communities and social movements. Direct action, empowered communities and legal action all serve to challenge state power &#8211; this bureaucracy should be torn asunder, not empowered.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Environmentalists should abandon state actions and adopt markets because social movements shape markets. In free(d) markets vast areas of wilderness would truly be protected because industry would not have the capability of such exploitation. Libertarians should support the environment because true conservation would prevent a state monopoly of currency and violence.</p>
<p align="LEFT"><strong>The Green Washing</strong></p>
<p>One of the best ways to build an obedient society is through propaganda and opportunities for consumption. This is where green washing comes to bat. Simply put, green washing is a form of spin where “green” marketing is deceptively used to promote the perception that an organizations (including government) policies, products and goals are good for the environment. Though some organizations <em>are</em> doing good for the environment, all to often our institutions offer false solutions, remain consumption driven and are just a way of making special interests look good as they take our money.</p>
<p align="LEFT">From Wall Street to Capitol Hill everyone is involved in green washing. Financiers, advertisers and regulators offer their answer to the energy and environmental crisis in the form of “green capitalism.” The big government push for electric cars, for just one example, <a title="Big government fuel economy" href="http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/government-mandated-fuel-efficiency-standards#axzz2bOOGosOW">pushes fuel economy and emissions</a> while ignoring that these cars will be plugged into the grid and <a title="Green cars powered by coal" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/15/automobiles/how-green-are-electric-cars-depends-on-where-you-plug-in.html?pagewanted=all">fueled from coal</a>. Of course all consumer goods are powered by the fossil fuel industry – i-pods, gaming systems, computers, television sets, and you name it are used to “manufacture desire” instead of relationship building, learning and adventure. Only radical free markets, grass-roots organizing and social democratic movements can progress us forward – government and industry are just trying to sell something.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Libertarians should be raising concerns about this activity and they should certainly stop calling for government support of these industries. Libertarians should also be raising moral concerns over our consumption based, ecologically destructive social system as well. As human beings, why are we subject to this? The wealth and greatness of life does not come from spending money we labored for on material possessions – our lives are not richer because we hold the latest electronic gadget in our hands. What makes life worth living are our personal relationships with other human beings, the arts, our scientific progress, a decent society, our communities, a healthy environment and many other things/experiences that can not be priced.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Government supports, idolizes and seeks to uphold our consumption driven industrial economic system. From monetary policy to crony capitalism, state intervention in the market works to engender as much economic activity as possible. The state champions economic growth no matter the cost and encourages consumerism and debt over labor and savings. Our consumer culture is senseless as artificial needs and desires are manufactured for our consumption. Any tactic taken by environmentalists that would empower centralized institutions will not be a solution, rather, it will greatly exacerbate the problem.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Instead of seeking false solutions, libertarians and environmentalists should seek radical free markets as only the true market form can create solidarity economies &#8211; where small producers can work together to scale up production and compete in an open market. Beyond green washed solutions, markets will allow equitable, sustainable economic systems and trade.</p>
<p>Marketing life is another way of destroying it. Our consumer society robs human beings of our freedom, independence, liberty, labor and integrity as sentient beings. We should be liberating ourselves from this behavior.</p>
<p><strong>Human Dimensions, Place Connections and Actions of Place</strong></p>
<p>The libertarian case for environmentalism may also be championed by examining sense of place and place attachments. Being connected to land, or any part of nature, can be very powerful. Perhaps Wendell Berry described it best in his story, “Mat Feltners World” about an aging farmer and his land. Berry writes:</p>
<blockquote><p>As we watch Mat lean against the tree, we sense how like the tree he has become. They are kindred spirits, the two of them, equal enough in age and coming, finally, to the same spot. By the life he has led, standing erect in the light, Mat too, has stood “outside the woods.” Just as the walnut has relinquished its nuts, so Mat has given freely of himself, nourishing the land and giving rise to new life. Like the tree, Mat has sunk deep and lasting roots.</p></blockquote>
<p align="LEFT">The statement, “Mat has sunk deep and lasting roots,” speaks volumes about the attachment people have to place. Sense of place can resemble a host of things: memories with family and friends, coming of age, solace, comfort, etc. The concept of a human being having lasting roots and an area of land representing those roots reflects deep human bonds and connections to the Earth. In many cases, respect for the land one lives on adds to the importance of place attachments. Often times people equate their land with their legacy. In some cases, people live on land that has been owned by their families for generations, tying the people to their land through a unique historical and cultural tradition. Furthermore, economic benefits, pride and a moral or spiritual relationship with land is experienced by many people.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Respect of the land is a demand of place attachment, furthermore, sustainable land use practices, along with community involvement in the land use process, is of growing importance. Land use utilizes both the public and private realms of our institutions, forging new visions of our landscapes. If allowed, connections to place will evolve to benefit individuals, communities and the natural world. In a free market setting, absent of coercive force, respect for land and the people attached to it will maximize benefits to the environment and people. In an ever-changing world, these human dimensions are growing increasingly important to policy, conflict resolution and the achievement of a more just and sustainable world.</p>
<p align="LEFT">It is important for libertarians to acknowledge just how deep these connections are. Cultural heritage is directly tied to land – just look at Appalachia, or Cascadia – in the valleys of these majestic mountain ranges there is a very deep cultural heritage that transcends political boundaries &#8211; it follows their natural heritage. Across the Appalachian coal-fields and the hard forests of the Cascades people have condemned the fact that this cultural heritage is being destroyed, whether by surface mining or the timber industry (or whatever else ails you). People are entirely justified in their dissent, as they see themselves, their labor and their natural heritage turned into tools of production and commodities &#8211; instead of independent human beings in their natural surroundings.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Thinking of these connections, it would be prudent to address a large backlash against the environmental movement, or rather more direct environmental “extremism.” I have written before about the government <a title="Legality and Justice are not Identical - Criminalizing Dissent" href="http://c4ss.org/content/19902">crackdown on green groups</a> in the age of the surveillance state and in other posts I have championed the direct actions of folks protesting the <a title="Stop Construction! Tear Down Walls!" href="http://c4ss.org/content/20329">construction of Keystone XL</a>, <a title="Ignore Obama — It’s the Green Thing to do" href="http://c4ss.org/content/20117">hydraulic fracturing</a>, <a title="Dendrocia cerulea: An Ecological Consideration" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/06/06/dendrocia-cerulea-an-ecological-consideration-2/">coal surface mining</a>, <a title="Dirty Duke" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/03/dirty-duke/">rate hikes</a> and a number of <a title="Changing Institutions" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/changing-institutions/">other environmental issues</a>. These views have come under some scrutiny by other libertarians but this is where I feel the libertarian left takes the higher ground.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Certainly any libertarian would believe that any individual is morally justified in physically resisting the invasion of ones private property or an attack on his or her loved ones. This is a fundamental tenet of liberty, to protect ones property and to resist violence &#8211; to only use force when provoked. The libertarian right often argues that this is justified only for private property and that no “commons” would be able to exist in a libertarian society because common property defies human nature. Place connections and shared cultural and natural heritage, however, strike down these claims. Individualism and collectivism are both inherit to human nature and can (and will) exist peacefully together in a liberated society.</p>
<p align="LEFT">So, when a <em>place</em> that is loved, a piece of the commons, no matter what landscape is being invaded (mountain, forest, desert, river, sea-shore&#8230;) by strip miners, loggers, gas pads, dams, roads and pipelines – and when legal recourse does what it does best: protect vested interests – then it would be morally justified to dissent. It is morally justified to use ones own body to prevent construction, to practice civil disobedience and to use “illegal” tactics to preserve land. Courts will continue to fail – direct action is needed to protest the criminal actions of the corporation state. Direct action makes state and industrial invasion of private property, of the wilderness (or anywhere), that much more expensive for anyone involved, that much more difficult and ever more scrutinized before another project can be plainly rubber stamped. This is why these actions are so important and why folks like <a title="Tim DeChristopher at Power Shift" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81EZUkYzrxU">Tim DeChristopher do them</a>.</p>
<p>If one decides not to disobey, to always abide the law, that decision is in and of itself is a moral decision. There are great consequences to that decision. As Berry and Abbey note &#8211; disobedience to civil law may just well be obedience to a much higher, moral, law.</p>
<p><strong>Social Movements &amp; the Transition</strong></p>
<p>The environmental movement is a <a title="Changing Institutions" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/changing-institutions/">vast, worldwide movement</a> involved in numerous battles. Issues as large and global in scale as <a title="Human Dimensions" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/08/human-dimensions-of-resource-management/">climate change</a>, national projects such as the <a title="Stop Construction! Tear Down Walls!" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/07/15/stop-construction-tear-down-walls/">Keystone XL Pipeline</a>, and local issues such as <a title="James White" href="http://www.metropulse.com/news/2012/dec/12/battle-over-james-white-parkway-extension-heats/">road construction</a> (and much more) are all being organized against. With so many battles going on, anyone who is concerned will be able to jump into the war to advocate for, and protect, what they care for most – by whatever means deemed acceptable on an individual basis. Personally, as I live in Appalachia, I am involved in social movements trying to halt strip mining, species decline, clear cutting and river damming.</p>
<p>Social movements and grass-roots organizing, coupled with free markets are radically important because the very nature/structure of large institutions bring out the worst in people – whether they are government or private institutions. They are all-powerful and the collusion of state with the fossil industry is incredibly dangerous to people who value their cultural and natural heritage. If individuals have a problem with what is happening where they live they are allowed the right of civil action and disobedience.</p>
<p>But what of free markets? Contrary to popular belief among state environmentalists, if markets were free(d) the fossil industry would not be given free rein to pollute. To the contrary, in a radical free market setting, transition economies would develop and a more ecosystem service/<a title="Adaptive Collaboration" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/05/05/adaptive-collaboration/">adaptive collaboration</a> approach to resource management would emerge (simply because industry is far to expensive to operate without giant subsidies). Only in the absence of our <a title="FREEDOM OUT OF BOUNDS" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/04/28/freedom-out-of-bounds-2/">centralized institutions</a> will this be possible.</p>
<p>But what would such a system look like? It is impossible to know for sure how such a system would be managed as the market/social form is spontaneous, but there are a few arguments that can be made about what would come. <a href="http://www.public.asu.edu/~majansse/pubs/egec.pdf" target="_blank">Human dimensions are growing ever more important to the resource management process</a> as power redistribution from resource agencies to the communities they serve is <em>already</em> a growing trend. Human dimension considerations also provide a forum for honest communication among professionals, stakeholders and community members who will be affected by management policies. These approaches work to promote collaboration between agencies and people, thus promoting democratic decision-making. Engaging the citizenry while calling for public discourse and reasoned debate brings consensus and legitimacy to management decisions. The public process also has the power to either expose or avoid <a title="Agency Capture" href="http://scholarship.law.uc.edu/fac_pubs/115/">agency capture</a>, insuring people’s needs are being reflected, not the <a title="Keystone XL Conflict of Interest: Obama Attorney’s Law Firm Represents TransCanada " href="http://ecowatch.com/2013/obama-attorneys-law-firm-represents-transcanada/">interests of our institutions or industry</a>.</p>
<p>The transition may also be fueled by adaptive collaboration. <a href="http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art24/" target="_blank">Adaptive collaborative management</a> (ACM) is a model of conflict resolution developed to resolve complex problems requiring collective action. Going beyond personal points of view, this management style implores science, politics and underlying interests to come together to confront conflict. ACM tries to develop resolutions to benefit all points of view. Though there are some very real challenges to achieving these resolutions, it has become increasingly clear that the challenges facing us in the 21st century will require collective action. These challenges will require differing ideologies to make difficult compromises to ensure our sustainability. ACM is an effective instrument in bringing competing interests together to make these difficult decisions. Adaptive collaboration is a more democratic approach to natural resource conflict resolution, as opposed to the traditional top down, bureaucratic approach</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">ACM can best be described by a simple model, composed of four levels. As practitioners follow the model, each level is designed to alleviate conflict and promote compromise among opposing sides of a conflict. The model is as follows: ACM first distinguishes what the conflict is about, followed by why the conflict exists, this then implores individuals to develop options for a plan of action, finally, ACM establishes an action plan to potentially end the conflict. Determining what the conflict is about allows each party to voice their perspectives and concerns about the conflict. This allows all members of the ACM process to state their positions while allowing interests, motives and feelings to be heard by the entire group. The groundwork for collaboration is laid by discussing why the conflict exists. First, this process calls for focusing on the problem at hand while considering all underlying interests. This allows the participants to then examine and understand the emotional link to all involved, thus humanizing arguments. While examining different points of view, stakeholders may begin to find common ground. The model then shifts to a more progressive approach to resolve the conflict at hand.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="http://appalachianson.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/acm2.jpg"><img class="aligncenter" src="http://appalachianson.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/acm2.jpg" alt="ACM2" width="500" height="271" /></a></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">There are many consequences involved in both succeeding at ACM and in failing. Success in the process leads to a number of desirable outcomes. The most important, arguably, is the emergence of <a href="http://www.applegatepartnership.org/" target="_blank">pragmatic community leadership</a>. In regards to natural resource management, this is important because it merges differing opinions together to promote sustainable resource use. This, in turn, promotes environmental stewardship and practices beneficial to natural resource management. The new sense of stewardship will positively benefit the development of a community while reducing impacts to the environment. On the other hand, failure to reach collaboration on natural resource management practices will result in <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/23/us/23bison.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=0" target="_blank">prolonged harmful effects to the environment</a> and halt sustainable community development.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">Those practicing natural resource management in the 21st century have their work cut out for them. Human civilization is approaching a point in Earth’s history where all of humanity will be forced to deal with anthropogenic impacts to the biosphere. We now live in a time where we can physically see and experience the impact of <a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml#.UX8SlaJwdQg" target="_blank">our ecological footprint</a>. There is a true human dominance of all global systems. This dominance is now effecting a range of topics from human health to the politics we address. As we further encroach on natural systems, the <a href="http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_spread_of_new_diseases_the_climate_connection/2199/" target="_blank">transmission of new diseases</a> to humans from animals and insects is growing rapidly. A hotbed political issue in the United States right now is immigration reform. Studies suggest that a number of <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/0727/Climate-change-set-to-boost-Mexican-immigration-to-the-US-says-study" target="_blank">Mexican farmers may start moving north</a> due to the effects of climate change to their crop yields. There are many more examples of the connection between human impacts to the biosphere and current affairs. The question is, how should human civilization address these issues?</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">The implications of these challenges require the science of resource management to rapidly change in the face of great uncertainty for the future. This uncertainty has been created by global environmental change, neo-liberal economic policy and the globalization of the world economy. We must start questioning the long-term implications of the use of our natural resources, while paying attention to societal demands and well-being in a globalized market. Natural scientists, social scientists, politicians, the private sector and the public must start working together to restore the biosphere, protect bio-diversity and promote sustainability. We must be honest about the limitations of our natural ecosystems and implement policies that best fit the needs, health and demands of an informed society. In doing so, resource managers can help the long-term health of the biosphere. ACM is one mechanism that, if used openly and responsibly, can merge competing interests together, democratically, to better the planet.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">Perhaps the most important attribute of ACM is the insistent inclusiveness and diversity of ideas. This allows practitioners to move forward with the best plans possible. This diversity, however, has very large implications for traditional leadership. ACM can be used as an argument to promote the redistribution of power, to champion ideas that benefit people, the true market form and the environment.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">Collaborative engagement gives all citizens a larger voice in the decision-making process as it rejects the top down approach to resource utility.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>Beyond Political Boundaries</strong></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="http://appalachianson.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/cloudsmtn1.jpg"> <img class="aligncenter" src="http://appalachianson.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/cloudsmtn1.jpg" alt="CloudsMTN1" width="500" height="325" /></a></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">States have divided landscapes not based on the science of resource management, geology or ecology but rather for political purposes. States have drawn fictional lines in the soil for the sole purpose of claiming landscapes as their property &#8211; hence their landscapes to exploit. In a stateless society there would still be boundaries, but they would not be political.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">A truly libertarian society would rather analyze landscapes in terms of watersheds, ecosystems, capacity for food production, resources available for trade, cultural heritage and so on. Without political boundaries, but by natural boundaries, human civilization will be more aware of their natural surroundings, the resources available to them, and community relationship with the environment will be much more understood. In this society we would be liberated from centralized institutions that rob us of this experience and deny us the chance to mix our productive labor with what should be “our” land.</p>
<p>In short, we would get our cultural heritage back. As anarchist Gary Snyder ultimately argues in <em>The Practice of the Wild, </em>if people move beyond political institutions and see our jurisdictions as innate and natural landscapes then political action would seek to protect more of that natural landscape. As we are proud of our communities and neighborhoods, as well as our individual labor, there would develop a collective interest to protect our natural landscapes &#8211; our new connection with culture would demand it. We would seek to take care of water, plants, animals and all of our resources because they too would be part of our neighborhood – this is a new way to organize politically and I believe this would happen in a stateless society.</p>
<p>Today this is the core of the environmental movement: protect place connections, protect watersheds and landscapes, protect biodiversity and move beyond the destruction of these ecological communities. These ideas should be triumphed by libertarians as well as it will free society from centralized economies and hegemonic governments.</p>
<p align="LEFT"><strong>Questioning Technology</strong></p>
<p align="LEFT">Well surely if environmentalists get their way we will all be living in dirt huts! This is a common objection to the greens, but it is short-sighted to say the least. Any good environmentalist knows that cities are (or can be) incredibly sustainable and the more of us who voluntarily live in them means the more land can be protected from <a title="Urban Sprawl" href="http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/urban-sprawl/">urban sprawl</a>. There is no reason to go back to dirt huts, there is all the reason to march on into the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</p>
<p align="LEFT">There is a need for environmental libertarians, however, to voice concern over technology – even beyond consumption woes. Technology is of course very beneficial, a product of creative labor and will absolutely assist sustainability. On the other hand though, seeing technological development applied to the entire planet (most extreme case – <a title="Climate Engineering" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/27/opinion/geoengineering-our-last-hope-or-a-false-promise.html?pagewanted=all">geo-engineering of the climate</a>), the human race (<a title="NSA Leaks" href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/the-nsa-files">NSA leaks</a>) and to all living things shows an absolute anthropocentric dominance over ecological systems. A great example of this, of course, is nuclear technology &#8211; especially nuclear arms. The great arms race among powerful nation states has created enough payload to end human civilization, to end the human species and to threaten the ecological evolution of our planet. Nuclear technology is centralized to states, hegemonic and terrifying. There are many other examples of dangerous technology but in the final analysis: technology has the ability to encourage an oversimplified/hegemonic view of the world – it <em>can</em> be insulting to human nature.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Technology also tends to centralize power, especially as it is the <a title="The New Academy" href="http://c4ss.org/content/19302">privileged intelligentsia</a> that mainly moves innovation in this field forward. This gives the elite few the power of dominance over the many. Technology is born in a system of hierarchy and authority and champions a social structure based in tyranny. Environmentalism and libertarianism both at their core dissent against this authority as both are opposed to the privileged power of the few.</p>
<p align="LEFT">What better reason for the liberty movement to adopt environmentalism? In regards to energy, fossil fuel corporations are centralized under the state. As libertarians know “war is the health of the state,” we should also know the fossil industry fuels its aggression. In order for the state to survive its dependence on the fossil fuel industry is absolute &#8211; from arms production, to militarization (of space, even), to hegemony,  to transportation, to encouraging our consumerism and so on – the reason fossil fuels are so large is because the state is dependent upon them.</p>
<p align="LEFT">The real solution to the energy/environmental crisis is social empowerment instead of social faith in centralized, dominate institutions. This will not put us back in centuries past, but move us, via transition economies to democratic technology. Democratic energy is a large worry of the state, because once it is realized state power and influence over us all will subside. There is no reason for us to be on a centralized grid, and dependent on a few corporations for our lifestyle. Democratic energy and emergent technologies will allow people to move off the grid to allow individuals and communities to power themselves with market transactions and the resources available to them. From smart grids, to new solar technology, small scale wind,  geo-thermal, and micro-generation as well as community gardens, urban farms, emergent local economies and so on &#8211; we can begin to disassociate from large, centralized institutions.</p>
<p align="LEFT">The first step in this transition is going after a low hanging fruit – energy efficiency. Efficiency is a <a title="Energy effciency" href="http://aceee.org/blog/2013/08/thinking-big-about-energy-efficiency">cost-effective means to move us into a post fossil dominated world</a>. It is also incredibly democratic. Simply by weatherizing and upgrading our homes and business&#8217;s property owners, whether private or public, will be able to keep more of <em>their</em> money in <em>their</em> pockets. Energy efficiency work in our households and places of labor will make us less dependent on centralized forms of energy production. Simply put, the more money in our pockets is less money in the hands of utility monopolies (TVA or Duke-Progress Energy) which makes it harder for business interests to be awarded rate hikes, integrated resource plans and <a title="CWIP" href="http://www.aep.com/about/IssuesAndPositions/Financial/Regulatory/AlternativeRegulation/CWIP.aspx">construction work in progress</a>. As the fossil industry has been increasingly dependent on mechanization for corporate &#8220;efficiency,&#8221; weatherization and community efficiency programs will create jobs for all education/income levels &#8211; so people who have lost their jobs to machines will have meaningful work. As the over all economy transitions, as research and development is freed from the interests of the corporation state, other technologies are sure to follow, but energy efficiency is our first step towards energy liberation.</p>
<p align="LEFT"><strong>An Ecological Consideration</strong></p>
<p align="LEFT">A liberated, stateless society would advocate free speech, celebrate differences of opinion and work to protect all forms of life (bacteria, bugs, plants, reptiles, mammals, amphibians, etc), habitats, ecosystems and our valuable natural resources. Human civilization lives by geologic/ecologic consent, is dependent on nature and is richer because of wide open places – wilderness. A libertarian society is dependent on extensive areas of the Earth where humans will not use resources for consumption, but instead rarely ever occupy with their bodies.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Biological diversity is extremely important. Homogenization of the biosphere will act like commercializing human life. As species tend towards extinction and as landscapes are altered for needless consumption this homogenization is very possible and it threatens to rob us of what John Muir deemed “places to play in and pray in.” Without natural landscapes human beings will be fully industrialized and our lives would be absolutely diminished. We would be absent of wildness and place.</p>
<p>Our cities and towns are absolutely incredible. We have built fascinating, sustainable communities and neighborhoods that mean so much to us. We have labored over the centuries to build these places and they should be celebrated. Colonization, however, has its consequences and too much of it would not be a good thing – as Edward Abbey notes:</p>
<blockquote><p>But if all the United States were to become one huge colonization, one great city, there would be nothing to contrast it with. We&#8217;d lose the small-town way of life, the agrarian way of life, the farms, ranches, open spaces, forests and deserts and mountains and seashores. All of them would be completely taken over, devoured. That seems to be the direction in which we&#8217;re moving right now. And if we succeed with this mad project of trying to dominate the whole planet and reduce everything to an industrial culture, we&#8217;ll then turn on each other and start devouring one another even more vigorously and ferociously than we already are.</p></blockquote>
<p>The more wilderness and open spaces that are preserved the less space will be available for industries and governments to exploit. Wilderness preservation will slow the industrialization of the planet and it will halt the growth of governments. Protection of the environment will liberate us from consumerism, power and unjust technologies. It will liberate us from our growth mentality. It will liberate nature and ourselves from centralized power and technological supremacy. Who are we to deny the holy experience of wildness <em>and</em> wilderness for ourselves and future generations?</p>
<p>Libertarianism and wilderness are necessary for each others survival – As Gary Snyder states: “wild doesn’t mean disorderly; it means a different kind of order.” A different kind of order is what we as a living species desperately need.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
<ul>
<li>French, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/21836" target="_blank">Pour une écologie libérale</a>.</li>
</ul>
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<li><a href="http://themoderatevoice.com/184872/mineral-rich-australia-may-contain-worlds-next-major-oil-find-guest-voice/" target="_blank">Mineral Rich Australia May Contain World&#8217;s Next Major Oil Find (Guest Voice)</a> (themoderatevoice.com)</li>
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<p><strong>Works Cited:</strong></p>
<p align="LEFT">Abbey, Edward. Desert Solitaire. McGraw-Hill. 1968</p>
<p align="LEFT">Armsworth, Paul ET Al. Ecosystem Service Science and the Way Forward for Conservation. Conservation Biology, Vol 21, No. 6. Society for Conservation Biology. 2007.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Berry, Wendell. The Long Legged House. Harcourt, Brace &amp; World, Inc. United States of America. 1965.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Berry, Wendell. The Agrarian Standard. Orion Magazine. 2002.</p>
<p align="LEFT">BeeHive Collective. The True Cost of Coal. No Copyright</p>
<p align="LEFT">Cattan, Nacha. “Climate Change Set to Boost Mexican Immigration to the US, Says Study.” The Christian Science Monitor. 2010.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Cheng, S Atony et al. “Place” as an Integrating Concept in Natural Resource Politics. Propositions for a Social Science Research Agenda. Taylor and Francis. Society and Natural Resources. 16:87 -104. 2003.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Churchill et al. Angler Conflicts in Fisheries Management. Fisheries, Vol. 27, No.2. 2002. <a href="http://www.fisheries.org/">www.fisheries.org</a></p>
<p align="LEFT">Decker, Daniel J and Lisa C. Chase. Human Dimension Approaches to Citizen Input: Keys for</p>
<p align="LEFT">Franklin, Jerry. “Preparing for an Uncertain World: Talking With Jerry Franklin. The Forestry Source. Corvallis OR, 2008.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Freyfogle, Eric T. Bounded People, Boundless Land. Stewardship Across Boundaries. ed. Richard Night and Peter Landues. Island Press, 1998.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Groffman, Peter et al. Restarting the Conversation: Challenges at the Interface of Ecology and Society. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2010.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Heifetz, Ronald. “Leadership Without Easy Answers.” The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. London, England.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Robbins, Jim. “Anger Over Culling of Yellowstone’s Bison.” The New York Times. New York, 2008.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Rolle, Su. “Measure of Progress for Collaboration: Case Study of the Applegate Partnership.” United States Forest Service. Ashland, OR 2002.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Shah, Sonia. “The Spread of New Diseases: The Climate Connection.” Yale Environment 360. Yale University. 2009.</p>
<p align="LEFT">The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. “Little Book of Conflict Resolution.” UTK Conflict Resolution Program. Knoxville, TN 1995.</p>
<p align="LEFT">Thoreau, Henry David. Resistance to Civil Government. 1849</p>
<p align="LEFT">Wagner, Melinda B. Space and Place, Land and Legacy. Culture, Environment and Conservation in the Appalachian South. Ed Benita Howell, 2002. University of Ih Press.</p>
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