<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>Center for a Stateless Society &#187; boss</title>
	<atom:link href="http://c4ss.org/content/tag/boss/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://c4ss.org</link>
	<description>building public awareness of left-wing market anarchism</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Sat, 24 Jan 2015 03:46:54 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>en-US</language>
		<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
		<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>http://wordpress.org/?v=4.0.1</generator>
	<item>
		<title>&#8220;The Gnosticism of Power&#8221; on C4SS Media</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/26942</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/26942#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 May 2014 19:00:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[James Tuttle]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Feed 44]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[authority]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[boss]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bossworld]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[capitalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[counter-economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[counter-power]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hierarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[matrix reality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[monopoly]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[power]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[youtube]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=26942</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[C4SS Media presents Kevin Carson&#8216;s “The Gnosticism of Power” read by James Tuttle and edited by Nick Ford. Those in power regularly reveal themselves to be oblivious to conditions in the real world, and to material constraints on transforming their commands into reality. There’s good reason for this: Their power insulates them from direct experience of the material...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>C4SS Media presents <a title="Posts by Kevin Carson" href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/kevin-carson" rel="author">Kevin Carson</a>&#8216;s “<a href="http://c4ss.org/content/26551" target="_blank">The Gnosticism of Power</a>” read by James Tuttle and edited by Nick Ford.</p>
<p><iframe width="500" height="375" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/aNN5y3jU6bM?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<p>Those in power regularly reveal themselves to be oblivious to conditions in the real world, and to material constraints on transforming their commands into reality. There’s good reason for this: Their power insulates them from direct experience of the material world, and from direct experience of the constraints offered by material reality.</p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=26942&amp;md5=5c49d0d7e6c3a0bbc74524b11f94ba4d" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/26942/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F26942&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=%26%238220%3BThe+Gnosticism+of+Power%26%238221%3B+on+C4SS+Media&amp;description=C4SS+Media+presents%C2%A0Kevin+Carson%26%238216%3Bs%C2%A0%E2%80%9CThe+Gnosticism+of+Power%E2%80%9D%C2%A0read+by+James+Tuttle+and+edited+by+Nick+Ford.+Those+in+power+regularly+reveal+themselves+to+be+oblivious+to+conditions+in+the+real+world%2C...&amp;tags=authority%2Cboss%2CBossworld%2Ccapitalism%2Ccorporate%2Ccorporate+state%2Ccounter-economics%2Ccounter-power%2CFeed+44%2Chierarchy%2Cmatrix+reality%2Cmonopoly%2Cpower%2Cyoutube%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Gnosticism of Power</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/26551</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/26551#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2014 18:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kevin Carson]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[authority]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[boss]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bossworld]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[capitalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate state]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[counter-economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[counter-power]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hierarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[matrix reality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[monopoly]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[power]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=26551</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Those in power regularly reveal themselves to be oblivious to conditions in the real world, and to material constraints on transforming their commands into reality. There&#8217;s good reason for this: Their power insulates them from direct experience of the material world, and from direct experience of the constraints offered by material reality. For example, earlier...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Those in power regularly reveal themselves to be oblivious to conditions in the real world, and to material constraints on transforming their commands into reality. There&#8217;s good reason for this: Their power insulates them from direct experience of the material world, and from direct experience of the constraints offered by material reality.</p>
<p>For example, earlier this month the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that a judge could rightly weigh a police officer&#8217;s memory of events, as recalled in testimony, more heavily than video evidence. That&#8217;s right: When a video recording of events contradicts the subjective recollection of a police officer, so much the worse for what actually happened. A cop&#8217;s &#8220;experience&#8221; and &#8220;superior observational skills&#8221; should carry more weight even when what the cop observed didn&#8217;t happen.</p>
<p>As ridiculous as this sounds, it&#8217;s really not that unusual. Back in the 1960s systems theorist Kenneth Boulding observed that “the larger and more authoritarian the organization, the better the chance that its top decision-makers will be operating in purely imaginary worlds.” The system of information flow in a hierarchy is designed to filter out messages from below that contradict the carefully constructed images of the world in the minds of those at the top. Advancement in a hierarchy is predicated on being a &#8220;team player,&#8221; which means reinforcing the image of reality held by those at the top and protecting them from exposure to any, you know, actual reality that might contradict it. So naturally when those in authority inadvertently come into contact with real-world information that undermines their official worldview, they dispose of it as quickly as possible using all available Hazardous Materials protocols.</p>
<p>At the same time, those at the tops of hierarchies make decisions, and issue endless decrees to those below them, in utter disregard of the actual resources required to carry them out effectively or possible material constraints on their implementation. The Pharaoh of Egypt anticipated the very best practices of today&#8217;s corporate CEOs in the age of downsizing when he said &#8220;Ye shall no more give the people straw to make brick, as heretofore:  let them go and gather straw for themselves. And the tale of the bricks, which they did make heretofore, ye shall lay upon them; ye shall not diminish ought thereof.&#8221;</p>
<p>When the implementation of the Studer Group&#8217;s idiotic management gimmicks was at its peak frenzy a few years ago, we all got (as &#8220;gifts&#8221; for &#8220;Employee Appreciation Day&#8221;) little inspirational booklets full of all kinds of sayings from Gandhi and Mother Theresa about giving endlessly without expecting anything in return, out of the sheer fulfilling joy of doing good for others. &#8220;Take no care for thy paycheck or staffing ratios. Behold the lilies of the field: Even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed as one of these.&#8221; They also reassured us in a newsletter that we could provide &#8220;extraordinary patient care&#8221; despite our &#8220;abundance or lack of resources.&#8221;</p>
<p>Oddly enough though our management, despite their seeming belief that we lived in a world of pure light and spirit beyond the concerns of the physical world, were not similarly immune from the requirements of the material realm. Our corporate CEO made an $18 million salary that same year, plus a $3.6 million bonus. And management constantly poor-mouths us about the need to economize on staffing because &#8220;nursing staff is our biggest cost&#8221; (even though the salaries in our hospital&#8217;s C-Suite are probably the same general order of magnitude as hourly wages for all nursing staff). I had to wonder why management couldn&#8217;t just miraculously multiply its funds to hire enough staff, like Jesus did with the loaves and fishes. That&#8217;s apparently what they expected us to do when it came to providing adequate care with the dangerous and criminally negligent staffing levels they provided us with.</p>
<p>So people in authority are completely out of touch with reality. What does that mean for us? The good news is voluntary self-organization, like horizontal networks, is running circles around the old government and corporate hierarchies and eating them alive, like piranha skeletonizing a cow. Over twenty years ago John Gilmore said &#8220;The Net treats censorship as damage and routes around it.&#8221; Self-organized networks and other voluntary associations, similarly, treat the intrusions of irrational authority as damage and route around them. We&#8217;re building a world in which the irrational interference of those in authority is becoming less and less relevant to our lives and their stupid commands are becoming unenforceable. Maybe you&#8217;d like to join us?</p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=26551&amp;md5=4b3357a47f40e11a0f81be314b8947d7" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/26551/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F26551&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=The+Gnosticism+of+Power&amp;description=Those+in+power+regularly+reveal+themselves+to+be+oblivious+to+conditions+in+the+real+world%2C+and+to+material+constraints+on+transforming+their+commands+into+reality.+There%26%238217%3Bs+good+reason+for+this%3A...&amp;tags=authority%2Cboss%2CBossworld%2Ccapitalism%2Ccorporate%2Ccorporate+state%2Ccounter-economics%2Ccounter-power%2Chierarchy%2Cmatrix+reality%2Cmonopoly%2Cpower%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Politics Against Politics</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/17478</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/17478#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 02 Mar 2013 00:00:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Roderick Long]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Left-Libertarian - Classics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[boss]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[class war]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[counter-power]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[exploitation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hierarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[left-libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[oppression]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[patriarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rothbard]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=17478</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Roderick T. Long: The libertarian struggle against statist oppression needs to be integrated (or re-integrated) with traditionally left-wing struggles against various sorts of non-state oppression.]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I’ve argued, some would say <em>ad nauseam</em>, that the libertarian struggle against statist oppression needs to be integrated (or <em>re</em>-integrated) with traditionally left-wing struggles against various sorts of non-state oppression such as patriarchy, racism, bossism, etc.</p>
<p>My position finds support, albeit in a less than straightforward way, in Rothbard’s article “Contempt for the Usual” in the <a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/lf/1971/1971_05.pdf" target="_blank">May 1971 issue</a> of <a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/libertarianforum.asp" target="_blank"><em>Libertarian Forum</em></a>.</p>
<p>This might seem an odd article for me to cite on behalf of my leftist heresy, since the article is a sustained attack on cultural leftism generally and feminism in particular. But I maintain that Rothbard’s arguments, no doubt <em>malgré lui</em>, actually support my position.</p>
<p>Here are some crucial excerpts:</p>
<blockquote><p>For apart from the tendency on the Left to employ coercion, the Left seems to be constitutionally incapable of leaving people alone in the most fundamental sense; it seems incapable of refraining from a continual pestering, haranguing and harassment of everyone in sight or earshot. … The Left is incapable of recognizing the legitimacy of the average person’s peaceful pursuit of his own goals and his own values in his quietly sensible life.</p>
<p>Many libertarians who are enamoured of the principles of Maoism point out that, in <em>theory</em> at least, the decentralized communes and eternal self-and-mutual-criticism sessions are supposed to be voluntary and not imposed by violence. Even granting this point, Maoism at its best, forswearing violence, would be well-nigh intolerable to most of us, and certainly to anyone wishing to pursue a truly individualist life. For Maoism depends on a continual badgering, harassing, and pestering of every person in one’s purview to bring him into the full scale of values, attitudes, and convictions held by the rest of his neighbors. … The point is that in the Maoist world, even at its most civilized, the propaganda barrage is everywhere.</p>
<p>To put it another way: one crucial and permanent difference between libertarians and the Left is in their vision of a future society. Libertarians want the <em>end</em> of politics; they wish to abolish politics forever, so that each individual may live his life unmolested and as he sees fit. But the Left, in contrast, wants to politicize <em>everything</em>; for the Left, every individual action, no matter how trivial or picayune, becomes a “political” act, to be examined, criticized, denounced, and rehabilitated in accordance with the Left’s standards. … The Women’s Lib movement, of course, has been in the forefront of this elevating of hectoring and pestering into a universal moral obligation. …</p>
<p>One would hope that the free society of the future would be free, not only of aggressive violence, but also of self-righteous and arrogant nagging and harassment. “Mind your own business” implies that each person attend well to his own affairs, and allow every other man the same privilege. It is a morality of basic civility, of courtesy, of civilized life, of respect for the dignity of every individual. It does not encompass all of morality, but by God it is a necessary ingredient to a truly rational and civilized social ethic. …</p>
<p>The crucial point here is that those libertarians whose <em>only</em> philosophy is to oppose coercive violence are missing a great deal of the essence of the ideological struggles of our time. The trouble with the Left is <em>not</em> simply its propensity for coercion; it is <em>also</em>, and in some sense more fundamentally, its hatred of excellence and individuality, its hostility to the division of labor, its itch for total uniformity, and its dedication to the Universal and Permanent Pester. And as it looks around the world, it finds that the main object of its hatred is the Middle American, the man who quietly holds all of the values which it cannot tolerate. … [O]ne of the great and unfilled tasks of the rationalist intellectual, the true intellectual if you will, is to come to the aid of the bourgeoisie, to rescue the Middle American from his triumphant tormentors. … In the name of truth and reason, we must rise up as the shield and the hammer of the average American.</p></blockquote>
<p>So how does all this support my position? Well, notice that Rothbard here treats the principle of minding one’s own business as <em>broader</em> than the non-aggression principle; he criticises “those libertarians whose <em>only</em> philosophy is to oppose coercive violence” for not recognising that minding one’s own business implies a rejection “not only of aggressive violence, but also of self-righteous and arrogant nagging and harassment,” even when such nagging and harassment involve no use of force against person or property.</p>
<p>In short, then, Rothbard in effect agrees that a pervasive attitude of such “intolerable” Maoist-style criticism, even if peaceful, would be a form of oppression, and one that libertarians should be concerned to combat just as much as they combat actual aggression. <em>And this is exactly the sort of thing I&#8217;ve been saying too</em>. Restrictive cultural attitudes and practices can be oppressive even if nonviolent, and should be combated (albeit, of course, nonviolently) by libertarians for some of the same sorts of reasons that violent oppression should be combated.</p>
<p>Of course, Rothbard’s point might seem to support mine only generically, not specifically – since he identifies <em>feminism</em>, rather than <em>patriarchy</em>, as an instance of the form of oppression he’s concerned to combat. As Rothbard sees it, “the Middle American, the man who quietly holds all of the values which [the Left] cannot tolerate,” is inoffensively <em>minding his own business</em>, while feminists and other leftists who attack his values are refusing to mind <em>their</em> own business, and are instead subjecting the ordinary mainstream American to “a continual badgering, harassing, and pestering … to bring him into the full scale of values, attitudes, and convictions held by the rest of his neighbors.”</p>
<p>I think this is the wrong way to understand the nature of the complaints that feminists and other leftists are bringing. That’s not to say, of course, that we feminists <em>et al.</em> are never guilty of the sort of thing Rothbard is referring to; any ideology can be, and every ideology surely has been, defended in obnoxious, officious, and intrusive ways, and feminism is no exception. But the question is whether that’s the whole story, or even the main story, with the feminist criticisms that Rothbard is talking about, and I claim it isn’t. The way to understand the criticisms that we feminists bring is to see that from our point of view it is <em>patriarchy</em> that refuses to leave people alone – that the process by which patriarchal attitudes are promoted, inculcated, and reinforced amounts precisely to “a continual badgering, harassing, and pestering of every person [especially women] in one’s purview to bring [her] into the full scale of [patriarchal] values, attitudes, and convictions held by the rest of [her] neighbors.”</p>
<p>The point of feminist criticism is thus not to <em>politicise</em> the reproduction of male supremacy but rather to <em>identify</em> the political character it already possesses, and the aim of a feminist <em>political</em> movement (understanding “<a href="http://charleswjohnson.name/essays/libertarian-feminism/#n2" target="_blank">political</a>” here to denote any organised movement for social change, whether peaceful or violent) is to <em>defend</em> women against such oppression, to serve as their “shield and hammer.” And ditto, <em>mutatis mutandis</em>, for the defence of workers, gays, ethnic minorities, <em>etc.</em>, against various forms of oppression which, while indeed often supported by violent means (statist or otherwise), are by no means confined to such means. To whatever extent Rothbard’s “Middle Americans” are complicit in such oppression, they are to that extent <em>not</em> minding their own business – and leftist attempts to correct their attitudes are then strictly defensive, in <em>service</em> rather than violation of “a morality of basic civility, of courtesy, of civilized life, of respect for the dignity of every individual.”</p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=17478&amp;md5=bda2508c8f7feae4a32254ed5648d8c6" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/17478/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>5</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F17478&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=Politics+Against+Politics&amp;description=I%E2%80%99ve+argued%2C+some+would+say%C2%A0ad+nauseam%2C+that+the+libertarian+struggle+against+statist+oppression+needs+to+be+integrated+%28or%C2%A0re-integrated%29+with+traditionally+left-wing+struggles+against+various+sorts+of+non-state+oppression+such+as...&amp;tags=boss%2Cclass+war%2Ccounter-power%2Cexploitation%2Chierarchy%2Cleft-libertarian%2Clibertarian%2Coppression%2Cpatriarchy%2CRothbard%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Por qué no podemos llevarnos bien: problemas del agente-principal y de conocimiento bajo la autoridad</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/15456</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/15456#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2012 17:00:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kevin Carson]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Spanish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[authority]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[boss]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[capitalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[class war]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hierarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=15456</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[La falta de confianza forjada en las relaciones de autoridad, esencialmente, hace inservible el capital humano.]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The following article is translated into Spanish from <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/13841" target="_blank">the English original, written by Kevin Carson</a>.</p>
<p>Tengo un discurso preferido reservado para los funcionarios burócratas de las agencias gubernamentales y del mundo empresarial — o simplemente para los compañeros pelotas — que dicen “tenemos estas reglas y estos procedimientos por una razón”. Vale, hay una razón, correcto. La razón es que la gente que hace las reglas y los procedimientos no confía en ti.</p>
<p>En todos los casos, tu contacto directo con una situación y tus habilidades y la experiencia adquirida tratando con situaciones similares a lo largo del tiempo te hacen estar mejor dotado para decidir cómo manejarla que aquellos que hacen las reglas y los procedimientos que la rigen. Sin embargo, esos que hacen las reglas y los procedimientos tienen miedo de confiar en ti y tu criterio para usar tu propia opinión o para aplicar tu experiencia, habilidades y conocimiento directo de la situación. Ellos asumen que de permitirte ese criterio, lo usarías para jugársela a tus superiores. Esto es así porque saben que tus intereses son diametralmente  opuestos a los suyos. Ellos se ganan la vida jugándotela a ti cada minuto de cada día. Y tienen miedo de que te des cuenta.</p>
<p>La falta de confianza forjada en las relaciones de autoridad, esencialmente, hace inservible el capital humano.</p>
<p>A los defensores de “las reglas” les gusta pintarlas como necesarias, inevitables, racionales — y obvias — respuestas a algún estado impersonal de las cosas. Pero no lo son. Son respuestas a la “realidad” tal y como existe en la sesgada y muy filtrada percepción de legisladores, burócratas y jefes. El proceso de toma de decisiones en sí mismo está distorsionado por la mentalidad institucional de los encargados de tomar las decisiones, quienes, a su vez, reflejan la suposición tácita de que la única solución viable a cualquier problema es la que es administrada por gente como ellos, y consecuente por completo con su nivel de poder actual. Cualquier comentario que reciban sobre el efecto de sus decisiones es distorsionado por el fenómeno señalado hace años por R.A. Wilson: Nadie le dice la verdad a alguien con un arma (o el poder de disparar).</p>
<p>Las instituciones jerárquicas son máquinas de decirle a los Emperadores desnudos lo bien que les queda su ropa, y esos que están en lo alto de dichas jerarquías viven en mundos casi completamente imaginarios. Tienden a comunicarse mejor con sus iguales de la cima de otras pirámides que con los subordinados que están bajo ellos en las suyas propias. Esto significa que la mayoría de sus decisiones estarán basadas en unas “buenas prácticas”, tal y como les han informado aquellos que están en la cima de otras pirámides y que ignoran tanto como ellos el trabajo interno de sus propias organizaciones.</p>
<p>Juntemos todo esto, y tendremos una situación en la cual las relaciones de autoridad casi por completo divorcian el poder de decisión de los incentivos para aquellos que tienen el conocimiento real y la experiencia para hacer un trabajo. Esto es por lo que prácticamente toda actividad en nuestra sociedad, excepto aquellas llevadas a cabo por grupos auto-organizados de personas trabajando para satisfacer sus propias necesidades cooperativamente, parece estar hecha de forma tan ineficiente como es humanamente posible. Todas nuestras relaciones con una gran institución jerárquica se parecen a una escena del Brazil de Terry Gilliam, donde aquellos con sentido común para resolver un problema rápida y fácilmente son forzados por unas reglas laborales burocráticas y Weberianas que parecen diseñadas para prevenir que alguien haga alguna vez algo.</p>
<p>Cuando las cosas se hacen, es porque la gente que hace el trabajo tiene sentido común para ignorar las reglas y falsificar después el papeleo. De hecho la forma más rápida de paralizar una organización, como sabe cualquiera que haya participado en una huelga de celo, es que la gente que hace el trabajo deje de usar su propio juicio y obedezca todas las reglas escritas.</p>
<p>La sociedad es capaz de funcionar, a pesar de las reglas estúpidas hechas por personas estúpidas con autoridad, sólo porque la gente inteligente trata a la autoridad como algo perjudicial y la esquiva.</p>
<p>El problema fundamental de nuestra sociedad es que está dirigida por una clase de gente — burócratas, terratenientes, usureros, rentistas — que viven alejados de aquellos que realmente saben cómo hacer las cosas. Debido a que se ganan la vida robándonos, no pueden confiar en nosotros para que usemos nuestro conocimiento para hacer nuestro trabajo. Como resultado, una gran parte de toda la actividad económica en nuestra sociedad es trabajo de vigilancia que no sirve a ningún propósito productivo, sino que más bien impide que aquellos que están ocupados con trabajos productivos se deshagan de los rentistas que se alimentan de su sudor y su sangre.</p>
<p>La solución es abolir la autoridad coercitiva, y la clase dominante que extrae rentas gracias a la autoridad, y otorgar todo el poder de decisión (junto con el fruto completo de su labor) a aquellos que saben cómo hacer el trabajo. Sin autoridad, no hay conflicto de intereses. Sin autoridad, aquellos que tienen el conocimiento y la experiencia pueden tener confianza para usarlos, porque no están en una relación de suma cero con las instituciones a las que sirven.</p>
<p>Artículo original publicado <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/13841" target="_blank">por Kevin Carson el 06 de diciembre 2012</a>.</p>
<p>Traducido del inglés por Tomás Braña.</p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=15456&amp;md5=e2f3cdd28101a841e791065b9e390455" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/15456/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F15456&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=Por+qu%C3%A9+no+podemos+llevarnos+bien%3A+problemas+del+agente-principal+y+de+conocimiento+bajo+la+autoridad&amp;description=The+following+article+is+translated+into+Spanish+from%C2%A0the+English+original%2C+written+by+Kevin+Carson.+Tengo+un+discurso+preferido+reservado+para+los+funcionarios+bur%C3%B3cratas+de+las+agencias+gubernamentales+y+del%C2%A0mundo+empresarial...&amp;tags=authority%2Cboss%2Ccapitalism%2Cclass+war%2Chierarchy%2Cpolitics%2CSpanish%2CStateless+Embassies%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Além do Chefismo</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/14894</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/14894#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2012 23:00:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gary Chartier]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Portuguese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[boss]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[counter-power]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hierarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[left-libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[work]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[workplace]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=14894</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Os professores Horwitz e Shapiro suscitam, ambos, perguntas oportunas e bem pensadas acerca da persistência da hierarquia numa sociedade sem estado.]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The following article is translated into Portuguese from the <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/14416" target="_blank">English original, written by Gary Chartier</a>.</p>
<p>O artigo a seguir foi escrito por <a href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/author/gary-chartier/" target="_blank">Gary Chartier</a> e publicado em <a title="View all posts in BHL Symposium on Left Libertarianism" href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/" target="_blank">Libertários Confrangidos</a>, <a href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2012/11/beyond-bossism/" target="_blank">13 de novembro de 2012</a>.</p>
<p>Os professores <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/14364" target="_blank">Horwitz</a> e <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/14368" target="_blank">Shapiro</a> suscitam, ambos, perguntas oportunas e bem pensadas acerca da persistência da hierarquia numa sociedade sem estado.</p>
<p>Obviamente não tenho como mostrar de modo inequívoco, praxeologicamente, que haverá muito menos hierarquias nos locais de trabalho de um mercado emancipado—que deveríamos esperar, definitivamente, numa economia livre, mais emprego autônomo e maior proporção de parcerias e cooperativas. Permitam-me, porém, mencionar alguns motivos para achar que isso <em>poderia</em>acontecer.</p>
<p>Grandes firmas hierárquicas parecem tendentes a serem acossadas por aqueles problemas de incentivo e conhecimento que complicam a vida dos planejadores centrais do estado.</p>
<p>Quanto maior uma organização, mais provável será que os gerentes careçam de informações cruciais. Isso se dá tanto pelo fato de que haverá múltiplas camadas separando vários agentes detentores de informação adequada (com pressões institucionais prejudicando a exatidão) quanto porque não haverá sistema de preços codificando a informação e utilizável para cálculo.</p>
<p>Ademais, o problema do principal-agente acossa grandes empresas em múltiplos níveis, promovendo formas de ineficiência na medida em que os trabalhadores—gerentes de alto nível ou empregados de linha de frente—perseguem suas próprias metas em vez da lucratividade da firma.</p>
<p>Assim, parece razoavelmente claro que, sendo iguais todas as outras coisas, quanto menor e mais horizontal for uma firma, de melhor qualidade será a informação disponível para todos os participantes. Quanto mais as decisões de produção se basearem nos preços reais do mercado em vez de em preços simulados de transferência intrafirma, maior será a probabilidade de elas serem mais eficientes e capazes de reação rápida e positiva à realidade. E quanto mais o trabalhador tiver recursos próprios aplicados no jogo econômico, mais provável será que ele tome decisões precavidas, eficientes e com reação rápida e positiva em relação ao cliente.</p>
<p>Pareceria, assim, poder-se esperar que firmas menores e mais horizontais fossem mais competitivas do que as maiores e mais hierárquicas. Não vemos, porém, muitas firmas menores e mais horizontais no mercado. Significará isso que, contrariamente às expectativas, as firmas maiores em realidade sejam mais eficientes?</p>
<p>Se é assim ou não dependerá, em grande parte, de perguntas empíricas que não podem ser respondidas <em>a priori</em>. Parece, contudo, que diversos fatores em nossa economia poderiam tender a ajudar as grandes firmas a não serem afetadas pelas deseconomias de escala que, de outra forma, as tornariam insustentavelmente ineficientes. Regras e regulamentações tributárias tendem a estimular concentração de capital e portanto aumento do tamanho da firma. Subsídios reduzem custos com os quais firmas ineficientemente grandes, de outra forma, teriam de arcar—e firmas grandes podem mais facilmente mobilizar os recursos necessários para capacitá-las a extrair riqueza do processo político do que firmas pequenas. E os trabalhadores amiúde não têm acesso aos recursos necessários para começar firmas, precisamente por causa do furto sancionado pelo estado e do privilégio garantido pelo estado. Parece provável que a eliminação desses fatores viesse a tornar mais viáveis alternativas à grande firma corporativa.</p>
<p>E se elas forem mais viáveis, pode-se esperar que se tornem mais comuns. A liberdade em relação à autoridade arbitrária é um bem de consumo. Dada a repulsa e a frustração com as quais muitas pessoas veem as tiranias mesquinhas do local de trabalho contemporâneo, suspeito tratar-se aquela de um bem de consumo que muitas pessoas gostariam de comprar. No presente, o preço é alto; há muito poucas oportunidades de trabalhar em parcerias ou cooperativas ou de escolher emprego autônomo. Portanto a pergunta é: o que poderia reduzir esse preço?</p>
<p>Esse preço é parcialmente afetado pela frequência relativa dos locais de trabalho hierárquicos versus não hierárquicos. Portanto, eliminarem-se escoras à hierarquia porá mais alternativas sobre a mesa. Ao mesmo tempo, as pessoas amiúde não escolhem essas alternativas, em virtude dos riscos associados com fazê-lo. Dizer adeus ao emprego corporativo significa assumir responsabilidade pessoal por assistência médica e aposentadoria (se, obviamente, você for trabalhador que, antes de tudo, sequer tenha essas opções, visto que muitos trabalhadores pretensamente de tempo parcial não as têm), requer que a pessoa disponha do capital necessário para tornar possível a criação de uma nova firma, e força a pessoa a encarar o espectro do desemprego se a nova firma que criar falir. Contudo, assistência médica e aposentadoria estão associadas a emprego corporativo precipuamente por causa do atual sistema tributário; e a assistência médica, em particular, seria mais acessível, de longe, na ausência de regulamentação estatal e cartelização promovida pelo estado, de tal modo que o desafio de cuidar da própria saúde em conexão com uma rede de ajuda mútua, digamos, seria muito menos intimidador do que no presente. O capital para nova firma estaria mais disponível se recursos confiscados pelo estado fossem postos no mercado e terra absorvida pelo estado fosse tornada disponível para apropriação/estabelecimento, e seriam menos necessários, de qualquer forma, se as regulamentações do estado não elevassem as exigências de capitalização. E o desemprego seria mais suportável se regulamentações do estado não elevassem o custo mínimo de vida, e poderia ser administrável por meio de apoio proporcionado por ajuda mútua.</p>
<p>Ademais, para mim não fica claro que seria impossível levantar dinheiro em mercados de ações e em bancos de investimento para parcerias, cooperativas e iniciativas de risco individuais. Há maneiras de garantir investimentos que não envolvam participação em governança—e obviamente significativa quantidade de ações à venda, atualmente, não necessariamente é acompanhada de direito a voto.</p>
<p>Portanto, pessoas que desejassem optar por locais de trabalho sem chefes achariam fácil fazê-lo na ausência de escoras para a hieraquia, erigidas pelo estado, e de barreiras ao emprego autônomo e a emprego em parcerias e cooperativas erigidas pelo estado . E o fato de elas fazerem essa opção, de tal maneira que as opções sem chefes se tornassem cada vez mais visíveis e numerosas, teria consequência também para locais de trabalho dominados por chefes. A disponibilidade de alternativas que oferecessem às pessoas mais dignidade, mais previsibilidade, mais segurança e mais oportunidades para participação em tomada de decisões exerceria pressão de mercado sobre as firmas corporativas convencionais, estimulando-as a tornar os locais de trabalho teoricamente dominados por chefes mais parecidos com outros tipos de firmas. As diferenças não desapareceriam, mas poderiam ser significativamente reduzidas.</p>
<p>Além disso, firmas dominadas por chefes poderiam ter a experiência de maior pressão para democratizarem-se em virtude da sindicalização. Na medida em que os acordos do estado com os sindicatos têm sido, todos os fatores considerados, desfavoráveis a ação coletiva no local de trabalho, a eliminação da regulamentação estatal do trabalho poderia abrir oportunidades para ação direta no estilo dos Trabalhadores Industriais do Mundo a qual poderia aumentar a sindicalização e, em decorrência, oferecer aos trabalhadores mais ampla proteção no local de trabalho. Repetindo, mesmo em empresas sem sindicatos, haveria pressão de mercado para reprodução de pelos menos algumas das facetas das firmas com sindicato, tanto para não perderem trabalhadores para aquelas primeiras quanto para conterem preventivamente iniciativas de criação de sindicato.</p>
<p>Persuasão moral normalmente não deve ser vista como provocadora principal de mudança social. Entretanto, apoio ativo público à dignidade e equidade do local de trabalho poderia obviamente levar a mudanças nos padrões e nas expectativas sociais, as quais reduziriam em muito a percepção do chefismo como legítimo, e estimulariam a profusão de alternativas.</p>
<p>Uma sociedade livre não eliminará e não poderá eliminar firmas de propriedade do investidor ou dominadas pelo chefe—nem deveria fazê-lo, não apenas pelo fato de que interferência violenta nesses padrões de propriedade e controle seria injusta mas, também, porque os trabalhadores poderiam amiúde beneficiar-se da faculdado de jogarem o risco para cima dos empregadores e investidores. Entretanto, eliminação do privilégio garantido pelo estado e remoção da agressão sancionada pelo estado poderiam criar oportunidades significativamente maiores para emprego autônomo e trabalho em parcerias e cooperativas.</p>
<p><em>A pedido dos Libertários Extremados, os comentários serão desligados aqui a fim de poderem ser redirecionados para o <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/14416" target="_blank">artigo original</a>.</em></p>
<p>Artigo original afixado por <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/14416" target="_blank">Gary Chartier em 5 de novembro de 2012</a>.</p>
<p>Traduzido do inglês por <a href="http://zqxjkv0.blogspot.com.br/2012/11/c4ss-beyond-bossism.html" target="_blank">Murilo Otávio Rodrigues Paes Leme</a>.</p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=14894&amp;md5=feaee8c45995102585946ef391de7c93" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/14894/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F14894&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=Al%C3%A9m+do+Chefismo&amp;description=The+following+article+is+translated+into%C2%A0Portuguese+from+the%C2%A0English+original%2C+written+by+Gary+Chartier.+O+artigo+a+seguir+foi+escrito+por%C2%A0Gary+Chartier%C2%A0e+publicado+em%C2%A0Libert%C3%A1rios+Confrangidos%2C%C2%A013+de+novembro+de+2012.+Os+professores%C2%A0Horwitz%C2%A0e%C2%A0Shapiro%C2%A0suscitam%2C...&amp;tags=boss%2Ccounter-power%2Chierarchy%2Cleft-libertarian%2CPortuguese%2CStateless+Embassies%2Cwork%2Cworkplace%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Beyond Bossism</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/14416</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/14416#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Nov 2012 20:30:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gary Chartier]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[BHL Symposium on Left Libertarianism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[boss]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[counter-power]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hierarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[left-libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Portuguese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[work]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[workplace]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=14416</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Gary Chartier responds: Professors Horwitz and Shapiro both raise helpful, thoughtful questions about the persistence of hierarchy in a stateless society.]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Professors <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/14364" target="_blank">Horwitz</a> and <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/14368" target="_blank">Shapiro</a> both raise helpful, thoughtful questions about the persistence of hierarchy in a stateless society.</p>
<div>
<p>I can’t, obviously, demonstrate praxeologically that there will be significantly fewer hierarchies in the workplaces of a freed market—that we should definitely expect more self-employment and a greater proportion of partnerships and cooperatives in a free economy. But let me note some reasons to think this <em>might</em> be the case.</p>
<p>Large, hierarchical firms seem likely to be beset by the incentive and knowledge problems that complicate the lives of state central planners.</p>
<p>The larger an organization, the more likely it is that managers will lack crucial information. This is both because there will be multiple layers separating various actors with relevant information (with institutional pressures impeding accuracy) and because there will be no system of prices encoding the information and usable for calculation.</p>
<p>In addition, the principal-agent problem besets large firms at multiple levels, fostering inefficiencies as workers—whether senior managers or front-line employees—seek their own goals rather than firm profitability.</p>
<p>Thus, it seems fairly clear that, all other things being equal, the smaller and flatter a firm is, the better the information available to participants will be. The more production decisions are based on actual market prices rather than on simulated intra-firm transfer prices, the more efficient and responsive to reality they’re likely to be. And the more a worker has skin in the economic game, the more likely she will be to make prudent, efficient, customer-responsive decisions.</p>
<p>It might seem, then, that smaller, flatter firms could be expected to out-compete larger, more hierarchical ones. But we don’t see lots of smaller, flatter firms in the marketplace. Does this mean that, contrary to expectations, larger firms really are more efficient?</p>
<p>Whether this is so will depend in significant part on empirical questions that can’t be sorted out <em>a priori</em>. But it does seem as if several factors in our economy might tend to help large firms ignore the diseconomies of scale that would otherwise render them unsustainably inefficient. Tax rules and regulations tend to encourage capital concentration and thus increased firm size. Subsidies reduce the costs inefficiently large firms might otherwise confront—and large firms can more readily mobilize the resources needed to enable them to extract wealth from the political process than small firms. And workers often lack access to the resources needed to start firms precisely because of state-sanctioned theft and state-secured privilege. Eliminating these factors seems likely to make alternatives to the large corporate firm significantly more viable.</p>
<p>And if they’re more viable, they can be expected to be more common. Freedom from arbitrary authority is a consumer good. Given the disgust and frustration with which many people view the petty tyrannies of the contemporary workplace, I suspect it’s a consumer good many people would like to purchase. At present, the price is high; there are very few opportunities to work in partnerships or cooperatives or to choose self-employment. So the question is: what might reduce the price?</p>
<p>The price is partly affected by the relative frequency of hierarchical versus non-hierarchical workplaces. So eliminating props for hierarchy ought to put more alternatives on the table. At the same time, people often don’t choose such alternatives because of the risks associated with doing so. Saying good-bye to corporate employment means taking responsibility for one’s own medical care and retirement (if, of course, you’re a worker who even has these options in the first place, as many purportedly part-time workers don’t), requires one to front the capital required to make start-up operations possible, and forces one to confront the spectre of unemployment if one’s start-up business fails. But medical care and retirement are associated with corporate employment primarily because of the current tax system; and medical care, in particular, would be more affordable by far in the absence of state regulation and state-driven cartelization, so that the challenge of caring for one’s health in connection with a mutual-aid network, say, would be much less daunting than at present. Start-up capital would be more available if state-confiscated resources were marketized and state-engrossed land available for homesteading, and less necessary, in any case, if state regulations didn’t drive up capitalization requirements. And unemployment would be more affordable if state regulations didn’t raise the minimum cost of living, and could be manageable by means of the support offered by mutual aid.</p>
<p>Furthermore, it’s not clear to me that it would be impossible to raise money in equity markets and from investment banks for partnerships, cooperatives, and solo ventures. There are ways to secure investments that don’t involve participation in governance—and of course significant quantities of stock for sale today don’t necessarily come with voting rights.</p>
<p>Thus, people who wanted to opt for boss-free workplaces would find it easy to do so in the absence of state-driven props for hierarchy and state-driven barriers to self-employment and employment in partnerships and cooperatives. And the fact that they did so, so that boss-free options were increasingly visible and numerous, would have consequences for boss-dominated workplaces, too. The availability of alternatives that offered people more dignity, more predictability, more security, and more opportunities for participation in decision-making would exert market pressure on conventional corporate firms, encouraging them to make theoretically boss-dominated workplaces more like those at other kinds of firms. The differences wouldn’t disappear, but they might be meaningfully reduced.</p>
<p>In addition, boss-dominated firms might experience greater pressure to democratize in virtue of unionization. To the extent that the state’s bargain with unions has been, all things considered, bad for collective action in the workplace, eliminating state labor regulation could open up opportunities for Wobbly-style direct action that could increase unionization and offer workers resultingly more extensive workplace protection. Again, even in non-unionized firms, there would be market pressure to mimic at least some features of unionized firms, both to avoid losing workers to those firms and to forestall union organizing efforts.</p>
<p>Moral suasion typically shouldn’t be seen as the primary driver of social change. But active advocacy on behalf of workplace dignity and fairness could obviously lead to changes in social norms and expectations that would further reduce the perceived legitimacy of bossism and encourage the flourishing of alternatives.</p>
<p>A free society wouldn’t and couldn’t eliminate investor-owned or boss-dominated firms—nor should it, not only because direct, violent interference with these patterns of ownership and control would be unjust but also because workers might often benefit from the ability to shift risk onto employers and investors. But eliminating state-secured privilege and remedying state-sanctioned aggression could create significantly greater opportunities for self-employment and work in partnerships and cooperatives.</p>
</div>
<p><em>Per the request of BHL, the comments will be turned off here so that they can be redirected to the <a href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2012/11/beyond-bossism/" target="_blank">original article</a>.</em></p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
<ul>
<li>Portuguese, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/14894" target="_blank">Além do Chefismo</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=14416&amp;md5=c389d25862c5fbe8c0494407cbbca5eb" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/14416/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F14416&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=Beyond+Bossism&amp;description=Professors+Horwitz+and+Shapiro+both+raise+helpful%2C+thoughtful+questions+about+the+persistence+of+hierarchy+in+a+stateless+society.+I+can%E2%80%99t%2C+obviously%2C+demonstrate+praxeologically+that+there+will+be+significantly+fewer+hierarchies...&amp;tags=boss%2Ccounter-power%2Chierarchy%2Cleft-libertarian%2CPortuguese%2CStateless+Embassies%2Cwork%2Cworkplace%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Query For Left-Libertarians</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/14368</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/14368#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 12 Nov 2012 18:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[James Tuttle]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[BHL Symposium on Left Libertarianism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[boss]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[capitalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[left-libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[libertarian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Markets Not Capitalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[workplace]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=14368</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Daniel Shapiro offers another essay critical of left libertarianism from the Bleeding Heart Libertarian Symposium.]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The following article, critical of left libertarianism in the BHL Symposium, was written by <a href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/author/daniel-shapiro/" target="_blank">Daniel Shapiro</a> and published with <a href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/" target="_blank"><em>Bleeding Heart Libertarians</em></a>, <a href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2012/11/query-for-left-libertarians/" target="_blank">November 11th, 2012</a>.</p>
<p>I am puzzled by left-libertarianism’s prediction that a freed market will not contain a significant amount of “bossism,” to use <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/13979" target="_blank">Gary Chartier’s phrase in his BHL post</a>. Alas, I have not read <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/12802" target="_blank"><em>Markets, Not Capitalism</em></a>, and perhaps the puzzle is something that is easily solved by reading the book. I offer the puzzle here because I suspect it may have occurred to other readers of this blog, and it may help elucidate important features of the left-libertarian view.</p>
<p>Workers in a coop in a freed market are allowed to sell their shares in the coop. Their rights to their shares in the firm include use rights, i.e., they decide the nature of work relations, working condition, pay differentials, managerial responsibility, etc., and income rights, i.e., they receive the net profits of the firms. There are two reasons why this sector will be likely be small.</p>
<p>First, it will be irrational for workers to concentrate their portfolio in their own firm, lest it go under. So they will want to sell some of their shares in their own firm and buy shares in other firms. Once that happens it is not hard to see how those who don’t work in the firm will come to own considerable shares of the firm (and of course that will include institutional investors) which means the end of an economy dominated by worker controlled firms. Now some coops may restrict outsiders’ rights in their firm, so that they are not able to have use rights, i.e., a say or a vote in how the firm is managed. But some coops won’t do this, and it is plausible that those who won’t do this and give outsiders full ownership rights will have a competitive advantage. This is because those who can attract more outside capital will have a competitive advantage in adapting to changing market conditions and those who will supply considerable capital will tend to want some way to monitor that their capital is being used in an efficient manner, which means some kind of say over how the firm is run.</p>
<p>Another reason workers will want to sell their shares is that when workers leave the firm—change jobs, retire, etc.—they will want to take their profits with them. Indeed, even before they leave they may want to cash out some of their profits, i.e., sell some of their shares.  And for reasons I just mentioned, those buying them may not be content with nonvoting shares. So again we get the scenario of outsiders coming to have full ownership rights in the firms, and it’s not hard to see how this will lead fairly quickly to an economy which is dominated by capitalist firms.</p>
<p>Now the prediction that a freed market will not contain a significant amount of bossism does not, I take it, entail a prediction that there won’t be a substantial number of firms which are not coops. It only entails a prediction that most of these firms won’t be hierarchical firms where workers get bossed around. Those firms which are smaller and flatter, to use Roderick Long’s terminology, minimize or eliminate this function of bosses. But here my puzzle continues.  How do left-libertarians know these firms will tend to be small and flat? Firms which are financed largely by equity will, in a freed market, be those that maximize shareholder value, and how do we know that a substantial number of those firms won’t be hierarchical firms? I endorse Roderick Long’s argument that the larger the firm the more likely calculation chaos will impede efficiency, and it’s also true that bossing people around can impede efficiency. But those are ceteris paribus claims, and it may be a firm needs to reach a certain size in order to be efficient, and that too little hierarchy can impede efficiency. So I remain puzzled.</p>
<p>My puzzle to some extent also crosses over to the moral opposition to bossism. Bossing people around can certainly be bad; indeed at times it is positively evil. One of the nice features of being an academic is that one has a fair amount of autonomy in one’s job, so as a personal matter I share Long and Chartier’s outlook. But as libertarians we favor a vigorously competitive market, which means firms will have to be quite attuned to consumer sentiment and shareholder value, and so as libertarians I would think we would have to distinguish between different kinds of bossism. Bossism in the context of a competitive market is regrettable or perhaps a bad we have to put up with for the sake of greater goods or a just society, whereas bossism that has no connection with the rigors of a competitive market is unequivocally oppressive. So I am also puzzled how left-libertarians can say that they are opposed to bossism per se.</p>
<div>
<p>************************************************************************</p>
</div>
<p>A brief addendum: in the above post, I only discussed coops and capitalist firms, but I did not discuss self-employed or being one’s own boss. But the same argument applies, perhaps a fortiori, to being one’s own boss. Being one’s own boss is quite a risky proposition, so I would be puzzled by a confident prediction that in a freed market this would be something a large percentage of people would choose even without state barriers that make it more difficult to be one’s own boss (occupational licensure, oppressive taxation, etc.)  And morally, being one’s own boss is hardly an unequivocal good. I would suck at it, and I would be puzzled by anyone who argued that I should choose a life at which I have no comparative advantage.</p>
<p><em>Per the request of BHL, the comments will be turned off here so that they can be redirected to the <a href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2012/11/query-for-left-libertarians/" target="_blank">original article</a>.</em></p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=14368&amp;md5=2dcd29e84892e87695ec383b5061517a" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/14368/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F14368&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=Query+For+Left-Libertarians&amp;description=The+following+article%2C+critical+of+left+libertarianism+in+the+BHL+Symposium%2C+was+written+by%C2%A0Daniel+Shapiro%C2%A0and+published+with%C2%A0Bleeding+Heart+Libertarians%2C%C2%A0November+11th%2C+2012.+I+am+puzzled+by+left-libertarianism%E2%80%99s+prediction+that+a+freed...&amp;tags=boss%2Ccapitalism%2Cleft-libertarian%2Clibertarian%2CMarkets+Not+Capitalism%2Cpolitics%2Cworkplace%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Sombrios Cubículos Satânicos – É hora de acabar com a cultura do emprego!</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/14324</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/14324#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 11 Nov 2012 23:00:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[James Tuttle]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Portuguese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[boss]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[exploitation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hierarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[jobs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[labor]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[work]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[workplace]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=14324</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Numa comunidade humana saudável, os empregos nem são necessários nem desejáveis.]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The following article is translated into Portuguese from the <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/12839" target="_blank">English original, written by Claire Wolfe</a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.loompanics.com/Articles/darksatanic.html" target="_blank"><em>Dark Satanic Cubicles</em></a> foi originalmente publicado em 2005 em <em><a href="http://www.loompanics.com/" target="_blank">Loompanics Unlimited</a></em>, escrito por <a href="http://www.backwoodshome.com/blogs/ClaireWolfe/" target="_blank">Claire Wolfe</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Você carrega dezesseis toneladas, e o que ganha com isso?<br />
Outro dia mais velho e mais afundado em dívidas.<br />
São Pedro, não me chame, porque não posso ir.<br />
Devo minha alma à loja da empresa.<br />
– </em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Travis" target="_blank">Merle Travis</a>, refrão da canção <a href="http://youtu.be/jIfu2A0ezq0" target="_blank"><em>Dezesseis Toneladas</em></a></p>
<p>Em 1955, o voz-de-trovão Tennessee Ernie Ford gravou essa canção como lado B de um disco. Logo, ninguém conseguia lembrar qual era o lado A. Disc jockeys do país inteiro começaram a tocar o disco – e dentro de dois meses de seu lançamento <em>Dezesseis Toneladas</em>havia-se tornado o maior disco de lado de música única jamais vendido nos Estados Unidos.</p>
<p><em>Dezesseis Toneladas</em> é uma fábula no estilo de <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_%28folklore%29" target="_blank">John Henry</a> acerca de um mineiro de hulha forte e determinado – <em>um punho de ferro, o outro de aço</em>. Ele é capaz de fazer o trabalho fisicamente mais pesado e derrotar qualquer oponente. Contudo, embora trabalhe nas minas desde o dia em que nasceu, não consegue ir para a frente. Merle Travis escreveu e gravou a canção em 1946. Até entretanto Ford tê-la interpretado, <em>Dezesseis Toneladas</em><em></em> não havia rendido nada a Travis.</p>
<p>Longe disso. Embora Travis fosse um patriótico jovem do Kentucky, o governo dos Estados Unidos achava que qualquer canção que reclamasse de trabalho duro e de dívida insolvível era subversiva. A canção rendeu a Travis ser rotulado de <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_traveler#Use_in_the_Americas" target="_blank"><em>simpatizante do comunismo</em></a> (rótulo perigoso naquele tempo). Um executivo da gravadora Capitol que fora disc jockey em Chicago ao final dos anos 1940 lembra-se de um agen<em>t</em>e do FBI ter ido à estação e adverti-lo para não tocar <em>Dezesseis Toneladas</em>.</p>
<p>Muita agitação por causa de uma pequena canção.</p>
<p>Em 1955, quando a canção finalmente alcançou enorme sucesso, a maioria dos estadunidenses já não tinha empregos do tipo mina de hulha. Era a época do <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Gray_Flannel_Suit" target="_blank"><em>Homem de Terno Cinzento</em></a>, o homem da corporação, o especialista em eficiência, e de tremenda angústia devido à necessidade de conformidade – por parte de pessoas que continuavam impotentemente a viajar de casa para o trabalho e vice-versa, a consumir, a cooperar, a enquadrar-se – e a engolir seus calmantes Milltown e a procurar médicos para tratar suas úlceras geradas por tensão. Era um mundo distante, muito distante das minas de hulha, com um conjunto de tribulações aparentemente muito diverso.</p>
<p>Contudo, de algum modo aquele coro ainda ressoava: <em>Outro dia mais velho e mais afundado em dívidas</em>.</p>
<p>Além de toda a letra fantasiosa acerca de ter sido <em>criado no canavial por uma velha mamãe leoa</em>, <em>Dezesseis Toneladas</em> ainda ressoa.</p>
<p>Não trabalhamos para companhias de mineração que pagam em papéis só resgatáveis na loja da empresa. Trabalhamos como mouros, porém, e acabamos com cartões de crédito que nos atingem com 19,99 por cento de juros, $40 dólares por pagamento atrasado de taxas, e outras cobranças ocultas tão pesadas que é possível – comum, até – pagar durante anos e na realidade dever mais do que no início.</p>
<p>Trabalhamos horas ainda mais longas do que nossos pais, pagamos tributos mais altos, dependemos de dois salários para manter uma casa, empurramos nossos filhos alienados para creches ou acampamentos educacionais do governo, vemos nosso dinheiro ser sistematicamente consumido pela inflação, e sofremos enormemente de uma penca de doenças mentais e físicas relacionadas com o emprego.</p>
<p>Podemos não fazer trabalho manual. Trabalhamos, porém, mais horas do que nossos pais, pagamos tributos mais altos, dependemos de dois salários para manter uma casa, empurramos nossos filhos alienados para creches ou acampamentos educacionais do governo, vemos nosso dinheiro ser sistematicamente consumido pela inflação (enquanto a TV nos diz que o índice de preços ao consumidor está-se mantendo estável) e sofremos enormemente de uma penca de doenças mentais e físicas relacionadas com o emprego.</p>
<p>O que mudou, senão os detalhes? Apesar de todas as nossas posses materiais, estamos no mesmo velho ciclo de trabalho, ansiedade, e perda.</p>
<p>E embora o FBI possa não nos visitar para reclamar a respeito, rebelar-se contra empregos ainda é uma ameaça para as autoridades.</p>
<p>O governo não tem muito com que se preocupar no tocante a rebelião, porém. Pois hoje estamos programados, desde o momento em que acordamos até o momento em que vamos dormir, para valorizar empregos, grandes corporações – e as coisas que os empregos nos compram – acima dos reais prazeres – e das reais necessidades – do ser humano.</p>
<p>O noticiário diz-nos, todos os dias:</p>
<ul>
<li>130.000 empregos foram criados em julho. Empregos = Bom.</li>
<li>Estamos perdendo empregos no exterior. Perder empregos = Ruim.</li>
<li>Os principais indicadores econômicos dizem. Indicadores econômicos (que diabo possa ser isso) = Importante.</li>
<li>A média industrial Dow-Jones subiu… O mercado de ações = Vital.</li>
</ul>
<p>Todo dia, na mídia, a saúde da nação é medida – por vezes medida quase exclusivamente – em empregos e ações, emprego e corporações.</p>
<p>Não pretendo implicar que renda, produção e outras medidas da espécie não sejam importantes. São importantes – em seu lugar. Em perspectiva. Entretanto, por que nós (via nossa mídia) acreditamos que esses poucos fatores sejam tão <em>vitalmente</em> e <em>exclusivamente</em>importantes quando se trata de determinar a saúde econômica de nossa sociedade?</p>
<p>Tomamos como dados que empregos = bom, que ações em alta = bom, e que trabalhar arduamente e gastar muito dinheiro = mais empregos e ações em maior alta.</p>
<p>Então disparamos para empregos que, na maior parte dos casos, detestamos. Ou dos quais gostamos, mas que nos tornam ansiosos, nos furtam de nossas famílias, e tornam nossas horas no lar num fardo fora de controle, no qual temos de lutar para fazer tudo, desde entreter-nos até criar <em>tempo para afeição</em> <em>artificial</em> com filhos que mal nos conhecem.</p>
<p>Há alguma coisa errada nesse cenário.</p>
<p>Em nossa atual organização econômica, a qual é um desdobramento evolucionário, não revolucionário, de há 250 anos, quando começou a Revolução Industrial, sim, os empregos são importantes. Contudo, isso é algo semelhante a dizer que a quimioterapia indutora de vômito é importante quanto você tem câncer.</p>
<p>Oh, sim. Melhor, porém, não ter câncer, certo?</p>
<p>Numa comunidade humana saudável, os empregos nem são necessários nem desejáveis. <em>Trabalho </em>produtivo é necessário – por razões econômicas, sociais e até espirituais. Os livres mercados são também algo estupendo, quase mágicos em sua capacidade de satisfazer biliões de necessidades diversas. Empreendedorismo? Excelente! Mas empregos – partir para um cronograma fixo para desempenhar funções fixas para outrem, dia após dia, por um salário– não são bons para corpo, alma, família ou sociedade.</p>
<p>Intuitivamente, sem palavras, as pessoas sabiam disso em 1955. Elas sabiam disso em 1946. Elas <em>realmente</em> sabiam disso quando Ned Ludd e amigos despedaçavam as máquinas do início da Revolução Industrial (embora os Ludditas possam não ter entendido exatamente por que precisavam fazer o que fizeram).</p>
<p>Empregos são maçantes. O emprego corporativo é fastidioso. Passar a vida enfiado em caixas das 9 às 5 é uma porcaria. Cubículos cinzentos são apenas uma versão atualizada dos <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time#.22Dark_Satanic_Mills.22" target="_blank"><em>sombrios moinhos satânicos</em></a> de William Blake. Certo, os cubículos são mais iluminados e arejados; são porém diferentes mais em grau do que em natureza dos moinhos da Revolução Industrial. Ambos, cubículos e moinhos sombrios, significam trabalhar nos termos de outras pessoas, para os objetivos de outras pessoas, com sujeição ao arbítrio de outras pessoas. Nenhum desses dois tipos de trabalho usualmente resulta em tomarmos posse dos frutos de nosso trabalho ou termos a satisfação de criar algo do começo ao fim com nossas próprias mãos. Nenhum dos dois nos permite trabalhar em nosso próprio ritmo, ou ao ritmo das estações. Nenhum dos dois nos permite acesso a nossas famílias, amigos ou comunidades quando necessitamos deles ou eles necessitam de nós. Ambos isolam o trabalho de todas as outras partes de nossa vida.</p>
<p>E, puxa vida, especialmente se você trabalha para uma grande corporação, pode ter certeza de que Ebenezer Scrooge se importava mais com Bob Cratchett do que seu empregador se importa com você.</p>
<p>No decurso dos últimos 250 anos, as autoridades sempre temeram que entendêssemos isso tudo e tentássemos fazer algo a respeito. Por que outro motivo tentaria o FBI suprimir uma obscura pretensa canção folclórica? A história estadunidense está cheia de histórias veladas de milícias privadas ou do estado usadas para reprimir rebeliões e greves de trabalhadores. No dia dos Ludditas, o governo britânico chegou ao ponto de tornar sabotagem industrial crime capital. Em determinado momento coroa e parlamento puseram mais soldados para trabalhar massacrando os Ludditas do que tinham tido no campo combatendo contra Napoleão Bonaparte.</p>
<p>Agora, seria o caso de temer por você.</p>
<p>Nos dias de hoje, porém, não há motivo de preocupação. Tornamos a escravatura dos salários parte tão inconsútil de nossa cultura que provavelmente nem ocorre à maior parte das pessoas haver algo de anormal em separar o trabalho do resto de nossas vidas. Ou em passar nossas vidas de trabalho inteiras produzindo coisas que nos dão apenas satisfação pessoal mínima – ou nenhuma satisfação.</p>
<p>Somos felizes! É o que dizemos a nós próprios. Somos as mais prósperas! livres! felizes! pessoas a viver na Terra! Temos vidas mais longas, somos mais saudáveis, mais inteligentes, e de modo geral vivemos em melhores condições materiais do que qualquer pessoa, em qualquer época, no planeta Terra. Continuamos a dizer isso para nós próprios enquanto nos abalamos para nossos compromissos de aconselhamento profissional, tomamos nosso Prozac, ou fitamos os sedimentos no fundo da última garrafa de vinho.</p>
<p>Ora essa! Vocês sabem como soamos, quando afiançamos a nós próprios nossa boa sorte? Soamos como as vozes mecanizadas sussurrando para os bebês de proveta pré-programados no <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World" target="_blank"><em>Admirável Mundo Novo</em></a><em> </em>de Aldous Huxley:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Crianças Alfa… trabalham muito mais arduamente do que nós, porque são extremamente inteligentes. Estou realmente muito feliz por ser Beta, porque não trabalho tão arduamente. E somos muito melhores do que os Gamas e Deltas.</p>
<p>Para acreditar no quanto somos felizes temos de ignorar nossos índices ascendentes de abuso de drogas, nossos índices em disparada de depressão, nossas dores nas costas, nossas síndromes do túnel carpal, e nossa síndrome de fadiga crônica. Temos de ignorar os biliões de dólares e biliões de horas que passamos sob o efeito de drogas psicoativas, aconselhamento profissional relativo a abuso de drogas, remédios para dor de cabeça, entretenimento voltado para escapar da realidade, creches para crianças, compra de status, pratos nostálgicos não saudáveis, acessos de compras descontroladas, e tratamentos com médicos para todas as nossas doenças vagas, não específicas, físicas e mentais.</p>
<p>Você acha que é dessa maneira que uma pessoa feliz gasta seu tempo e dinheiro? Tenha paciência!</p>
<p>Pare de ouvir aquele pequeno sussurro mecânico corporativo-estatal que diz a você o que você<em> deveria</em> considerar importante – que diz a você que os empregos <em>deveriam</em> ser o foco central de sua vida. Pare de ouvir aquela voz que diz a você que você é feliz, quando seu corpo e sua alma inteiros estão berrando para você que você é infeliz.</p>
<p>Eis aqui algo para você gritar para si próprio: Empregos são uma porcaria! Empregos fazem mal a você!</p>
<p>Grite isso até realmente ouvir-se gritando-se isso – em seguida caia fora da loucura do emprego, da escravidão dos salários, da moenda que mantém você devendo ao governo, ao chefe, ao banco, e à empresa de cartão de crédito.</p>
<p>Oh, mas espere! Você morrerá se não tiver um emprego, do mesmo modo que um paciente de câncer poderá morrer sem quimioterapia. Em nossa sociedade, se você não tiver emprego, estará às portas da miséria. Será um pobre infeliz. Um parasita preguiçoso. Será um sanguessuga. Um perdedor. E, realmente, na verdade, se você não tiver um emprego fixo de algum tipo, poderá acabar completamente falido.</p>
<p>Como indivíduo, obviamente você poderá escapar da armadilha do emprego, em certa medida. Como escritora autônoma, tenho conseguido. Ainda tenho de trabalhar para outras pessoas, mas consigo fazê-lo em ritmo natural. Quando o sol brilha, amiúde posso sentar-me no deque ou dar uma caminhada.</p>
<p>O homem que por vezes corta minha grama em certa medida escapou. Ele pode programar seu próprio dia sem ter de pedir permissão ou sem subverter a linha de produção de ninguém.</p>
<p>Meu ex-namorado o engenheiro de software também escapou. Ele trabalha em seu quarto de dormir extra e consegue viver e trabalhar no mundo de fantasia de computador que é do que ele mais gosta.</p>
<p>Eram assim as coisas para a maioria das pessoas, antes da Revolução Industrial. Talvez elas trabalhassem arduamente e não ganhassem muito. Como em toda época, elas tinham de conviver com a selvageria das lutas de poder da elite, com as guerras dos governantes, e com o confisco de propriedade pelos poderosos. De maneira geral, porém, elas podiam atravessar seus dias da maneira que as estações e suas próprias necessidades (e as necessidades de suas famílias e comunidades) ditassem. Mantinham conexão direta e pessoal com os bens que produziam e os serviços que prestavam.</p>
<p>Revendedoras Avon, carpinteiros autônomos, consultores de segurança, pessoas que ganham a vida vendendo bens no eBay, profissionais de reflexologia, vendedores em reuniões de troca e venda de produtos, jardineiros autônomos, lenhadores que trabalham por contrato, traficantes de drogas, tricotadores domésticos, médiuns – nos dias de hoje todos eles conseguiram escapar parcialmente da armadilha do emprego.</p>
<p>O escape, porém, poderá ser perigoso. Quando você é autônomo, amiúde não tem comoproporcionar-se a &#8216;rede de segurança&#8217; que vem com o emprego (seguro-saúde, férias, subsídio de doença, seguro-desemprego etc.). E o problema ainda mais profundo é que a sociedade – essa abstração difícil de definir de modo preciso, mas vitalmente importante – ainda inflige seus valores e seus problemas a aqueles dentre nós que desenvolvemos nossos melhores esforços pessoais para escapar deles.</p>
<p>Você e eu podemos ser inteligentes e ter sorte suficiente para criar para nós próprios emprego sob medida que não nos force a cubículos cinzentos, a rotina das 9 às 5, a deprimentes viagens de casa ao trabalho e vice-versa, a almoços indutores de indigestão engolidos em nossas mesas de trabalho, colegas e chefes que escangalham nossos nervos, ternos com colete, meias-calças, e total exaustão ao fim do dia.</p>
<p>Você e eu, porém, os cautelosos autônomos, ainda assim somos aguilhoados pelas consequências de um sistema que produz crianças negligenciadas e defeituosamente criadas, uma cultura de consumo desenfreado, corporações impessoais, abuso de televisão e de drogas como meio de amortecer a dor, vizinhos e membros da famílias infelizes e não realizados e muitos, muitos problemas mais que nos atingem com tanta força quanto a com que atingem detentores de empregos.</p>
<p>Será possível, pois, criar uma sociedade na qual o trabalho seja mais satisfatório pessoalmente e se insira de maneira mais natural no resto de nossas vidas? Será possível criar tal escolha para todos aqueles que quiserem fazê-la?</p>
<p>Praticamente todo escritor que defende a abolição dos empregos e o elogio do lazer repete o mesmo punhado de mensagens interessantes, mas ligeiramente inúteis.</p>
<p>Primeiro, eles chamam a atenção para sociedades de caçadores-extrativistas (trabalhando, em média, 3 a 4 horas por dia) e dizem: <em>Se eles podem, por que não nós</em>? Deixam de observar que caçadores-extrativistas, quaisquer sejam suas outras virtudes, não inventam vacinas, não constroem dispositivos de alta tecnologia, nem gozam de amenidades tais como canalizações dentro de casa.</p>
<p>Os escritores contra empregos também falam de tornar o trabalho numa espécie de divertimento. Esse outro grande traço das sociedades de caçadores-extrativistas. É fácil divertir-se colhendo amoras ou caçando veados com um grupo de amigos. Ninguém, porém, constrói equipamento médico de precisão por diversão. Nem desce uma milha abaixo do solo para &#8216;carregar dezesseis toneladas de hulha número nove&#8217; por diversão.</p>
<p>Finalmente os escritores contrários ao emprego são entusiastas da teoria utópica: A sociedade poderia funcionar muito bem se, apenas, se, somente. As propostas utópicas são inevitavelmente deficientes no tocante a detalhes fundamentais. Elas deixam de levar em consideração como nos desmamar da cultura de empregos corporativos sem coerção. Elas deixam de notar como os modernos bens e serviços poderiam ser produzidos sem as grandes, bem-financiadas – e alicerçadas em empregos – instituições que proporcionam tanto da vida moderna. (Você não consegue combinar genes, cindir átomos ou fabricar chips de computador em sua graciosamente antiquada oficina Amish.)</p>
<p>Portanto as perguntas são:</p>
<ol>
<li>Será possível ter-se uma cultura natural de trabalho e lazer sem resvalar para sobrevivência em nível de subsistência?</li>
<li>E será possível termos os benefícios da tecnologia avançada sem ter de sacrificar tanto de nosso tempo, nossa individualidade e nossa sanidade para obtê-los?</li>
</ol>
<p>Na medida em que o governo e seus fortemente favorecidos e subsidiados corporações e mercados financeiros governam nossos dias de trabalho, as respostas a essas perguntas nunca virão. Só poderemos encontrar nosso caminho rumo a uma sociedade de trabalho e lazer humana por meio de experimento e experiência. E seremos capazes de levar a cabo esses experimentos apenas em conjunção com (perdoem-me usar a expressão lugar-comum, mas precisa) mudança de paradigma. A atual cultura do emprego, que nos aprisiona nos grilhões de prata dos <em>benefícios</em> e nas cadeias da dívida, espreita sinistramente em nosso caminho.</p>
<p>A indispensável transformação profunda parece, hoje, muito longínqua. No entanto, paradigmas mudam. Instituições desabam. E amiúde caem exatamente quando o velho paradigma parece mais entranhado ou as antigas instituições parecem mais imutáveis.</p>
<p>Parte do maquinário da mudança já pode estar assestada. Por exemplo:</p>
<ul>
<li>Embora a automação ainda não tenha nos alijado dos empregos, ao contrário do que se supunha faria, ainda assim ela tem o potencial de eliminar muitos tipos de trabalho tipo escravo.</li>
<li>Embora o <em>trabalho relacionado com o conhecimento </em>não tenha capacitado milhões de nós a sair do mundo corporativo e trabalhar em casa (ao contrário do que, repetindo, acreditava-se que faria), esse é mais um problema de psicologia do poderio corporativo do que de tecnologia. Nossos chefes temem deixar-nos trabalhar permanentemente em casa; afinal de contas, nós poderíamos tomar pausa para café de 20 minutos, em vez de 10! Mas e se, digamos, uma crise de combustíveis ou epidemia tornasse imperativo que a maioria de nós ficasse em casa para fazer nosso trabalho? O paradigma poderia mudar tão depressa que nossos chefes cairiam.</li>
<li>Uma atitude de larga escala também poderia subverter a estrutura tradicional de emprego. E isso, também, poderá já estar acontecendo. Quantos pais e mães não estão olhando e dizendo: <em>Essa porcaria de dois empregos não está-nos levando a lugar nenhum?</em> É apenas um pequeno salto dali à verdade real: a porcaria de um emprego só também não satisfaz nossas necessidades reais. Quantos de nós gastamos 10 ou 20 ou 30 anos investindo no engodo empregos = bom; gastar = bom, só para no fim decidir distanciar-nos do labirinto do rato e fazer algo menos lucrativo mas mais gratificante?</li>
</ul>
<p>Vocês veem muitas pessoas choramingando pesarosamente depois de se distanciarem do mundo do emprego e de criarem uma vida mais centrada no lar, na família, na aventura, no espírito, na comunidade? Apenas aquelas poucas que, por planejamento falho e muito má sorte, tentaram e não conseguiram.</p>
<p>Mesmo antes de a ilusão maior emprego = bom se despedaçar, é certamente possível que milhões de pessoas vivam vidas mais naturais sem a escravidão do emprego. À medida que mais pessoas declaram sua independência, mais redes de apoio surgem para ajudá-las (por exemplo, seguro de saúde acessível para os autônomos, ou proporcionadores de cuidados de saúde optando por proporcionar serviços mais acessíveis por meio de programas de pagamento unicamente em dinheiro como o <a href="http://www.simplecare.com/index2.asp" target="_blank">Simple Care</a>.)</p>
<p>E podemos começar a cogitar: Que tipos de tecnologia nos permitem viver mais independentemente, e que tipos de independência nos permitem tirar proveito de tecnologias de enriquecimento da vida mantendo-nos ao mesmo tempo fora daarmadilha do emprego degradante de nossa vida?</p>
<p>Arran<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">j</span>e um emprego, e você terá vendido parte de você próprio a um dono. Você terá acabado de excluir-se dos reais frutos de seus próprios esforços.</p>
<p>Quando você é dono de seu próprio trabalho, édono de sua própria vida. É objetivo digno de muito sacrifício. E de muita reflexão profunda.</p>
<p>No entretempo, infelizmente, qualquer pessoa que grite <em>Os empregos não são necessários! Os empregos não são saudáveis para adultos e outras coisas viventes</em>! estará gritando no vazio. Nós os Elias e Cassandras podemos ter a certeza de que seremos tratados como idiotas minoritários. E qualquer pessoa que comece a apresentar algum plano sério que comece por derruir os alicerces da estrutura de poderio estado-corporação pode esperar ser tratada como <em>Inimiga Pública Número Um</em> e melhor fará em olhar por cima do próprio ombro. Porque, como Merle Travis e Ned Ludd,ela ameaça a segurança daqueles que têm poder sobre os outros.</p>
<p>Artigo original afixado por <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/12839" target="_blank">Claire Wolfe em 20 de setembro de 2012</a>.</p>
<p>Traduzido do inglês por <a href="http://zqxjkv0.blogspot.com.br/2012/11/c4ss-dark-satanic-cubicles-its-time-to_4.html" target="_blank">Murilo Otávio Rodrigues Paes Leme</a>.</p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=14324&amp;md5=ed29b081bb0ca55bdc89184b82938dd7" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/14324/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F14324&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=Sombrios+Cub%C3%ADculos+Sat%C3%A2nicos+%E2%80%93+%C3%89+hora+de+acabar+com+a+cultura+do+emprego%21&amp;description=The+following+article+is+translated+into%C2%A0Portuguese+from+the%C2%A0English+original%2C+written+by+Claire+Wolfe.+Dark+Satanic+Cubicles%C2%A0foi+originalmente+publicado+em+2005+em%C2%A0Loompanics+Unlimited%2C+escrito+por%C2%A0Claire+Wolfe.+Voc%C3%AA+carrega+dezesseis+toneladas%2C+e...&amp;tags=boss%2Cexploitation%2Chierarchy%2Cjobs%2Clabor%2CPortuguese%2CStateless+Embassies%2Cwork%2Cworkplace%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Why We Can&#8217;t Have Nice Things: Agency and Knowledge Problems Under Authority</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/13841</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/13841#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 03 Nov 2012 18:00:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kevin Carson]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[authority]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[boss]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[capitalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[class war]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hierarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Spanish]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stateless Embassies]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=13841</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Carson: Hierarchical institutions are machines for telling naked Emperors how great their clothes look, and those at the top of such hierarchies live in almost entirely imaginary worlds.]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I have a favorite spiel I keep in reserve for bureaucratic functionaries in government agencies and the corporate world &#8212; or just brown-nosing coworkers &#8212; who say &#8220;we have these rules and procedures for a reason.&#8221; Yeah, there&#8217;s a reason, all right. The reason is that the people who make the rules and procedures don&#8217;t trust you.</p>
<p>In every case, your direct contact with the situation and your skills and experience acquired dealing with similar situations over time make you better equipped to decide how to handle a situation than those who make the rules and procedures governing that situation. Nevertheless, those making the rules and procedures are afraid to trust you with discretion to use your own judgment or to apply your experience, skills and direct knowledge of the situation. They assume that were you given such discretion, you&#8217;d just use it to screw them &#8212; your superiors &#8212; over. That&#8217;s because they know your interests are diametrically opposed to theirs. They make a living screwing you over every minute of every day. And they&#8217;re afraid you know it.</p>
<p>The lack of trust built into authority relationships, essentially, makes human capital unusable.</p>
<p>Apologists for &#8220;the rules&#8221; like to spin them as necessary, inevitable, rational &#8212; and obvious &#8212; responses to some impersonal state of affairs. But they are not. They are responses to &#8220;reality&#8221; as it exists in the skewed and heavily filtered perception of legislators, bureaucrats and bosses. The decision-making process itself is distorted by the institutional mindset of the decision-makers &#8212; which, in turn, reflects the unstated assumption that the only feasible solution to any problem is one administered by people like themselves, and fully consistent with their existing level of power. Any feedback they receive on the effects of their decisions is distorted by the phenomenon remarked on years ago by R.A. Wilson: Nobody tells the truth to someone with a gun (or the power to fire them).</p>
<p>Hierarchical institutions are machines for telling naked Emperors how great their clothes look, and those at the top of such hierarchies live in almost entirely imaginary worlds. They tend to communicate better with their peers at the tops of other pyramids than with their subordinates below them in their own pyramids. That means most of their decisions will be based on &#8220;best practices,&#8221; as reported to them by those at the tops of other pyramids who are as clueless as they are about the internal workings of their own organizations.</p>
<p>Put all this together, and we get a situation in which authority relations almost completely divorce both decision-making power and incentives from those with the actual knowledge and experience to do a job. That&#8217;s why just about every activity in our society, except those done by self-organized groups of people acting to meet their own needs cooperatively, seems to be done as inefficiently as humanly possible. Our every dealing with a large hierarchical institution seems like a scene out of Terry Gilliam&#8217;s Brazil, where those with the common sense to fix a problem quickly and easily are constrained by a lot of Weberian bureaucratic work rules apparently designed to prevent anyone from ever doing anything.</p>
<p>When things do get done, it&#8217;s because the people doing the job have the common sense to ignore the rules and falsify the paperwork afterward. Indeed the fastest way to paralyze an organization, as anyone knows who&#8217;s ever engaged in a work-to-rule strike, is for the people doing the work to stop using their own judgment and obey all the rules on paper.</p>
<p>Society is able to function, despite the stupid rules made by stupid people in authority, only because smart people treat authority as damage and route around it.</p>
<p>The central problem of our society is that it&#8217;s ruled by a class of people &#8212; bureaucrats, landlords, usurers, rentiers &#8212; who live off those who actually know how to do stuff. Because they make their living robbing us, they can&#8217;t trust us to use our own knowledge to do our jobs. As a result, a major part of the total economic activity of our society is guard labor that serves no productive purpose, but rather prevents those engaged in productive labor from throwing off the rentiers who feed off their sweat and blood.</p>
<p>The solution is abolish coercive authority, and the ruling class that extracts rents through authority, and vest full decision-making power (along with the full fruit of their own labor) in those who know how to do the job. Without authority, there is no conflict of interest. Without authority, those who have knowledge and experience can be trusted to use it, because they do not exist in a zero-sum relationship with the institutions they serve.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
<ul>
<li>Spanish, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/15456" target="_blank">Por qué no podemos llevarnos bien: problemas del agente-principal y de conocimiento bajo la autoridad</a>.</li>
</ul>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=13841&amp;md5=71b51ada2df7f3f57ca24eef4b3fac4e" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/13841/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>11</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F13841&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=Why+We+Can%26%238217%3Bt+Have+Nice+Things%3A+Agency+and+Knowledge+Problems+Under+Authority&amp;description=I+have+a+favorite+spiel+I+keep+in+reserve+for+bureaucratic+functionaries+in+government+agencies+and+the+corporate+world+%26%238212%3B+or+just+brown-nosing+coworkers+%26%238212%3B+who+say+%26%238220%3Bwe+have+these...&amp;tags=authority%2Cboss%2Ccapitalism%2Cclass+war%2Chierarchy%2Cpolitics%2CSpanish%2CStateless+Embassies%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Meritocracy</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/13233</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/13233#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Oct 2012 23:00:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kevin Carson]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[The Art of the Possible - Recovered]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[boss]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[economic development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[elitism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hierarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[meritocracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[politics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=13233</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Carson: The average member of the producing classes should rest secure in the knowledge that he would be able to support himself in the future, without depending on the whims of an employer.]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I recently reread <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=HG6xWenYZXwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=The+Revolt+of+the+Elites&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=LGrQudbU2E&amp;sig=11zboEEh-kQ2My8_gz4d5qipzpc&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=F05uUJT2Lo61qQHytIDICg&amp;ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA" target="_blank"><em>The Revolt of the Elites</em></a>, by Christopher Lasch – one of my favorite writers. One of the most important themes in the book is his contrast of the Jeffersonian democratic ideal to the meritocratic ideal that replaced it.</p>
<p>Under the old, populist conception, what mattered was the class structure at any given time. The ideal was the wide diffusion of property ownership, with the great majority in the producing classes having a material base for economic independence. The advocates of the democratic ideal, as it existed through the first half of the nineteenth century,</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">understood that extremes of wealth and poverty would be fatal to the democratic experiment…. Democratic habits, they thought &#8211; self-reliance, responsibility, initiative–were best acquired in the exercise of a trade or the management of a small holding of property. A “competence,” as they called it, referred both to property itself and to the intelligence and enterprise required by its management. It stood to reason, therefore, that democracy worked best when democracy was distributed as widely as possible among the citizens.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">The point can be stated more broadly: Democracy works best when men and women do things for themselves, with the help of their friends and neighbors, instead of depending on the state.</p>
<p>The average member of the producing classes should rest secure in the knowledge that he would be able to support himself in the future, without depending on the whims of an employer. The purpose of education was to produce a well-rounded individual. It aimed at the wide diffusion of the general competence needed by ordinary people for managing their own affairs, on the assumption that they retained control over the main forces affecting their daily lives.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">When Lincoln argued that advocates of free labor &#8220;insisted on universal education,&#8221; he did not mean that education served as a means of upward mobility. He meant that citizens of a free country were expected to work with their heads as well as their hands…. Advocates of free labor took the position… that &#8220;heads&#8221; and &#8220;hands&#8221; should cooperate as friends; and that [each] particular head, should direct and control that particular pair of hands.</p>
<p>The meritocratic philosophy, on the other hand, holds that the functions of &#8220;hands&#8221; and &#8220;head&#8221; should be exercised by distinct classes of people, with the &#8220;head&#8221; class managing the &#8220;hands&#8221; class. &#8220;Social mobility&#8221; means simply that members of the &#8220;hands&#8221; class should have the opportunity to advance into the &#8220;head&#8221; class if they’re willing to go to school for twenty years and abase themselves before enough desk jockeys.</p>
<p>The shift from the democratic to the meritocratic ideal reflected the transition from a middle class based on widespread small property ownership, to a New Middle Class (described in an earlier post) based on position within a large organization.</p>
<p>The meritocratic philosophy, as Lasch described it, called not for rough equality of condition, but only for social mobility (defined as the rate of &#8220;promotion of non-elites into the professional-managerial class&#8221;).</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">The new managerial and professional elites… have a heavy investment in the notion of social mobility–the only kind of equality they understand. They would like to believe that Americans have always equated opportunity with upward mobility…. But a careful look at the historical record shows that the promise of American life came to be identified as social mobility only when more hopeful interpretations of opportunity had become to fade.</p>
<p>Through most of the nineteenth century, Americans viewed as abnormal both a large class of propertyless wage laborers, and the ownership of economic enterprise by an absentee rentier class that lived entirely off the returns on accumulated wealth. Such things were associated with the decadence and corruption of the Old World.</p>
<p>Lincoln denounced as the &#8220;mud-sill theory&#8221; the idea &#8220;that nobody labors unless someone else, owning capital, somehow, by the use of that capital, induces him to it.&#8221; He contrasted to this the small-r republican ideal, that &#8220;a large majority are neither <em>hirers</em> nor <em>hired</em>.&#8221;</p>
<p>One of Lasch’s most telling comments on meritocracy was this:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Social mobility does not undermine the influence of elites; if anything, it helps to solidify their influence by supporting the illusion that it rests solely on merit. It merely strengthens the likelihood that elites will exercise power irresponsibly, precisely because they recognize so few obligations to their predecessors or to the communities they profess to lead.</p>
<p>This attitude was demonstrated, in spades, by one of <a href="http://www.joebageant.com/joe/2006/12/the_masses_have.html" target="_blank">Joe Bageant</a>’s correspondents:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">In your essay &#8220;<em><a href="http://c4ss.org/content/13371" target="_blank">Sons of a Laboring God</a></em>&#8220;, you wrote: &#8220;Anyone who actually believes that all these poor working puds can beat this system, lift themselves up by their bootstraps, is either a neo-con ideologue or the child of advantage.&#8221; I grew up on welfare. I had no central heat, our well ran dry most summers for up to a month, and at one point I only had two pairs of ripped, ill-fitting jeans and five stained T-shirts to wear for several months.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">I starved my way through college and am now making $75,000 a year — and I’m only 27. I made it through by the skin of my teeth, fearing every moment that I wouldn’t make tuition, that I’d be kicked out of the dorms and have nowhere to live. When they gave me my diploma, I was crying so hard I couldn’t see. I forgot to shake the dean’s hand. It wasn’t easy, but with a little sacrifice it was possible. Upward mobility in the U.S. is neither a myth nor a pipe dream.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">The reason these people you talk about can’t move up in life is nobody’s fault but their own…. There’s no reason they can’t go to college. They just don’t want to.</p>
<p>This &#8220;anyone who’s willing to work hard enough on pyramids can grow up to be Pharaoh&#8221; argument is, of course, a classic fallacy of composition: Bageant claims it’s impossible for &#8220;<em>all</em> these poor working puds&#8221; (emphasis added) to advance in the meritocracy, and the correspondent thinks an example of <em>one person</em> doing so proves Bageant wrong.</p>
<p>You can’t read an editorial page or a mass newsweekly without seeing some version of the argument for education, education, and more education as the cure for all of our class disparities. It’s regurgitated alike by technocratic liberals, and by neoconservative intellectuals (and if you scratch one of the latter, you <em>find</em> a technocratic liberal). Bageant quickly demolished it.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Look at it this way: The empire needs only about 20-25% of its population at the very most to administrate and perpetuate itself — through lawyers, insurance managers, financial managers, college teachers, media managers, scientists, bureaucrats, managers of all types and many other professions and semi-professions.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">What happens to the rest? They are the production machinery of the empire and they are the consumers upon the empire depends to turn profits. If every one of them earned a college degree it would not change their status, but only drive down wages of the management class, who are essentially caterers to the corporate financial elites who govern most things simply by controlling the availability of money at all levels, to to bottom, hence your hard struggle to pay for college in an entirely capitalist profit driven economy….</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Clawing down basic things like an education in such a competitive, reptilian environment makes people hard. And that’s what the empire wants, hardassed people in the degreed classes managing the dumbed down, over-fed proles whose mental activity consists of plugging their brains into their television sets so they can absorb the message to buy more, and absorb themselves in the bread and circus spectacles provided them through profitable media corporations operating mainly as extensions of the capitalist state’s propaganda system….</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Right now we are seeing the proletarianization of college graduates, as increasingly more of them are forced to take service and labor jobs. (Remember that it only takes a limited number to directly or indirectly manage the working masses, which these days includes workers like hospital technicians, and a thousand other occupations we have not traditionally thought of as working class.)</p>
<p><em>This entry was posted on Friday, March 28th, 2008. </em></p>
 <p><a href="http://c4ss.org/?flattrss_redirect&amp;id=13233&amp;md5=c36bb1fed25453403cdb8c97212fdadb" title="Flattr" target="_blank"><img src="http://c4ss.org/wp-content/themes/center2013/images/flattr.png" alt="flattr this!"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://c4ss.org/content/13233/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>4</slash:comments>
		<atom:link rel="payment" title="Flattr this!" href="https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=c4ss&amp;popout=1&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F13233&amp;language=en_GB&amp;category=text&amp;title=Meritocracy&amp;description=I+recently+reread%C2%A0The+Revolt+of+the+Elites%2C+by+Christopher+Lasch+%E2%80%93+one+of+my+favorite+writers.+One+of+the+most+important+themes+in+the+book+is+his+contrast+of+the...&amp;tags=boss%2Ceconomic+development%2Celitism%2Chierarchy%2Cmeritocracy%2Cpolitics%2Cblog" type="text/html" />
	</item>
	</channel>
</rss>
