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		<title>Climate Action: Stand on the Ashes of Power on Feed 44</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/34438</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Dec 2014 20:00:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[James Tuttle]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Feed 44]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[C4SS Feed 44 presents Grant A. Mincy&#8216;s “Climate Action: Stand on the Ashes of Power” read by Erick Vasconcelos and edited by Nick Ford. The US Department of Defense is the nation’s single largest consumer of fossil fuels. From arms production to the grand machines of war, the military emits more greenhouse gas than any other state institution....]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>C4SS Feed 44 presents <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/grant-mincy" target="_blank">Grant A. Mincy</a>&#8216;s “<a href="http://c4ss.org/content/32254" target="_blank">Climate Action: Stand on the Ashes of Power</a>” read by Erick Vasconcelos and edited by Nick Ford.</p>
<p><iframe width="500" height="375" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Dv6oESs7JXw?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<p>The US Department of Defense is the nation’s single largest consumer of fossil fuels. From arms production to the grand machines of war, the military emits more greenhouse gas than any other state institution. War also wrecks natural ecosystems. Ongoing interventions have damaged forests and wetlands across the Middle East. According to CostOfWar.org, Afghanistan has lost 38% of total forested area to illegal logging. This deforestation is associated with warlords who rise to power from the ashes of military campaigns that continually destabilize the region. This plunder eliminates beneficial ecosystem services to surrounding populations and gives rise to further conflict and violence as people are left with depleted resources. Forest loss also reduces the amount of available habitat for a number of species, including avian communities, currently experiencing a precipitous population decline — a dangerous precedent in the midst of Earth’s sixth mass extinction.</p>
<p>The state organism is continually exalted by those in positions of power as the only legitimate mechanism of social organization. We are told only the state can ensure peace and sustainability in an increasingly complex and ever fragile world. But given the role of the nation-state in the world, as an economic and military power, it is time to acknowledge the organism is a global threat to peace, security, liberty and the environment.</p>
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		<title>Azione sul Clima: Sulle Ceneri del Potere</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/32750</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/32750#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 19 Oct 2014 11:00:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Italian]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[In un suo recente intervento al vertice sul clima delle Nazioni Unite, Barack Obama ha spronato le nazioni della terra a collaborare per affrontare il problema dei cambiamenti climatici antropogenici. Obama ha rassicurato i politici presenti che gli “Stati Uniti d’America si stanno dando una mossa” e che noi (collettivamente) “ci assumiamo la responsabilità” di...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In un suo recente intervento al <a href="http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/" target="_blank">vertice sul clima delle Nazioni Unite</a>, Barack Obama ha spronato le nazioni della terra a collaborare per affrontare il problema dei cambiamenti climatici antropogenici. Obama ha rassicurato i politici presenti che gli “Stati Uniti d’America si stanno dando una mossa” e che noi (collettivamente) “ci assumiamo la responsabilità” di combattere i cambiamenti climatici. È curioso notare che, mentre il premio nobel per la pace parlava, cadevano bombe con l’insegna USA in Afganistan, Iraq, Siria, Yemen, Pakistan e Somalia.</p>
<p>La guerra non è compatibile con la sostenibilità. Per affrontare seriamente il cambiamento antropogenico occorre la pace.</p>
<p>Gli Stati Uniti sono in uno stato di guerra permanente. Il <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/25/world/middleeast/obama-syria-un-isis.html" target="_blank">nuovo attacco</a> dell’amministrazione Obama contro Isis ne è una prova ulteriore. Nessuna novità. Appena un anno fa alti rappresentanti dell’amministrazione dicevano al senato che esiste un “ampio consenso” sulla necessità di estendere le operazioni militari in Medio Oriente. Un altro decennio di guerra, forse due, in “forma illimitata”. E a quel punto gli Stati Uniti sarebbero a metà strada nella guerra al terrore globale. Così si diceva prima che l’Isis diventasse argomento da salotto.</p>
<p>Questo stato di guerra è responsabile del massacro di innocenti, dell’inasprimento del terrore e della distruzione; e tutto mentre si propaganda l’azione sul clima. Una cosa è certa: sul clima lo stato non sta andando a “battere un colpo”.</p>
<p>Il dipartimento americano della difesa è da solo il più grande consumatore nazionale di combustibili fossili. Dalla produzione di armi alle grandi macchine da guerra, le forze armate emettono più gas serra <a href="http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/3181:the-military-assault-on-global-climate" target="_blank">di ogni altra istituzione</a>. Aggiungeteci la distruzione dell’ecosistema naturale portata dalla guerra. Gli attuali interventi hanno danneggiato il patrimonio forestale e lagunare in tutto il Medio Oriente. Secondo <a href="http://costsofwar.org/article/environmental-costs" target="_blank">CostOfWar.org</a>, l’Afganistan ha perso il 38% delle aree boschive a causa del taglio illegale. Questa deforestazione è legata ai signori della guerra che salgono al potere sulle ceneri delle campagne militari che continuano a destabilizzare la regione. Questo saccheggio elimina quei benefici che l’ecosistema dà alle popolazioni del luogo, generando scarsità di risorse che a sua volta fa nascere ulteriori conflitti e violenze. La riduzione della superficie boschiva, inoltre, restringe l’habitat di un gran numero di specie, compresi i volatili che attualmente subiscono un forte declino; un precedente pericoloso nel mezzo della <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/27805" target="_blank">sesta estinzione di massa</a>.</p>
<p>Chi sta al potere esalta continuamente lo stato come unico sistema in grado di organizzare legittimamente la società. Ci dicono che solo lo stato può assicurare pace e sostenibilità in un mondo sempre più complesso e fragile. Dato il ruolo dello stato nazione come forza economica e militare, è ormai tempo di riconoscere la sua natura di <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/jun/15/usa.iran" target="_blank">minaccia mondiale alla pace</a>, la sicurezza, la libertà e l’ambiente.</p>
<p>Lo stato non è in grado di agire sul clima. Lo stato nazione funziona come un essere razionale, mira al proprio interesse. Cerca di espandere il proprio potere, per lo più sfruttando le risorse naturali. Esiste un conflitto di interessi all’interno di uno stato: quello che ha più territorio è anche quello che ha più risorse disponibili al consumo. Ecco perché la guerra (che sia militare o economica) rappresenta il benessere dello stato: perché garantisce il monopolio su un territorio, e dunque sulle sue risorse.</p>
<p>Tutto questo mentre da 300 a 400 mila persone <a href="http://peoplesclimate.org/" target="_blank">marciavano</a> davanti alle Nazioni Unite e in tutto il mondo per chiedere protezione per l’ambiente. Il progresso inizia per strada, ma un vero cambiamento si può avere solo con con un’attività ambientalista quotidiana <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/28685" target="_blank">a livello di vicinato</a>. Questo potere sociale può rendere inservibile lo stato con tutta la sua autorità illegittima. Non limitatevi a darvi una mossa. Marciate sulle ceneri del potere.</p>
<p><a href="http://pulgarias.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Traduzione di Enrico Sanna</a>.</p>
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		<title>Climate Action: Stand on the Ashes of Power</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/32254</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/32254#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2014 18:00:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[In recent comments at the United Nations Climate Summit, US president Barack Obama espoused an urgent need for all the nations of Earth to work together and engage anthropogenic climate change. Obama ensured his peers in attendance that the &#8220;United States of America is stepping up to the plate&#8221; and that (the collective) we &#8220;embrace our responsibility&#8221; to...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In recent comments at the <a title="United Nations Climate Summit" href="http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/">United Nations Climate Summit</a>, US president Barack Obama espoused an urgent need for all the nations of Earth to work together and engage anthropogenic climate change. Obama <a title="President Obama: &quot;No Nation Is Immune&quot; to Climate Change" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/09/23/president-obama-no-nation-immune-climate-change">ensured his peers in attendance</a> that the &#8220;United States of America is stepping up to the plate&#8221; and that (the collective) we &#8220;embrace our responsibility&#8221; to combat climate change. Curiously, though, as the Nobel Peace Prize winner spoke, bombs bearing the USA&#8217;s insignia fell on Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Pakistan and Somalia.</p>
<p>War is incompatible with sustainability. Serious engagement of anthropogenic change demands peace.</p>
<p>The United States is a permanent wartime state. The Obama administration&#8217;s <a title="In U.N. Speech, Obama Vows to Fight ISIS ‘Network of Death’" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/25/world/middleeast/obama-syria-un-isis.html">new military engagement</a> with ISIS is yet another testament to the fact. This should be no surprise. Just over a year ago senior administration officials <a title="Washington gets explicit: its 'war on terror' is permanent" href="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/17/endless-war-on-terror-obama">told the US Senate</a> there exists a &#8220;broad consensus&#8221; that military operations in the Middle East are to be extended, in their &#8220;limitless form,&#8221; for at least another decade, possibly two, before adding the United States has reached only the midpoint in its global war on terror.  This was before ISIS became a topic of dinner table discussion.</p>
<p>This wartime state is responsible for the mass slaughter of innocents, exacerbation of global terror and property destruction &#8212; all while advancing anthropogenic climate change. Rest assured, the state will not be &#8220;going to bat&#8221; on climate.</p>
<p>The US Department of Defense is the nation&#8217;s single largest consumer of fossil fuels. From arms production to the grand machines of war, the military emits more greenhouse gas <a title="The Military Assault on Global Climate" href="http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/3181:the-military-assault-on-global-climate">than any other state institution</a>. War also wrecks natural ecosystems. Ongoing interventions have damaged forests and wetlands across the Middle East. According to <a title="Environmental Costs" href="http://costsofwar.org/article/environmental-costs">CostOfWar.org</a>, Afghanistan has lost 38% of total forested area to illegal logging. This deforestation is associated with warlords who rise to power from the ashes of military campaigns that continually destabilize the region. This plunder eliminates beneficial ecosystem services to surrounding populations and gives rise to further conflict and violence as people are left with depleted resources. Forest loss also reduces the amount of available habitat for a number of species, including avian communities, currently experiencing a precipitous population decline &#8212; a dangerous precedent in the midst of <a title="Earth's sixth mass extinction" href="http://c4ss.org/content/27805">Earth&#8217;s sixth mass extinction</a>.</p>
<p>The state organism is continually exalted by those in positions of power as the only legitimate mechanism of social organization. We are told only the state can ensure peace and sustainability in an increasingly complex and ever fragile world. But given the role of the nation-state in the world, as an economic and military power, it is time to acknowledge the organism is a <a title="US - Global Threat to Peace" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/jun/15/usa.iran" target="_blank">global threat to peace</a>, security, liberty and the environment.</p>
<p>States will not act on climate. Nation-states work as rational actors, advancing their own self interests. They seek the expansion their power, largely through the exploitation of natural resources. There is an inherent conflict of interest among states: The state with the most territory has the most resources for consumption. This is why war (be it military or economic) is the health of the state &#8212; it provides a monopoly over a territory and thus resources.</p>
<p>All of this, as 300 to 400 thousand people <a title="Peoples Climate March" href="http://peoplesclimate.org/">marched outside</a> of the United Nations, and around the globe, to urge environmental protection. Progress starts in the streets, but true change requires everyday <a title="Neighborhood Environmentalism" href="http://c4ss.org/content/28685">neighborhood environmentalism</a>. Social power can render the state, and all of its illegitimate authority, useless. Don&#8217;t just step up to the plate. Stand on the ashes of power.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
<ul>
<li>Italian, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/32750" target="_blank">Azione sul Clima: Sulle Ceneri del Potere</a>.</li>
</ul>
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		<title>Neighborhood Environmentalism: Protecting Biodiversity</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/27805</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/27805#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Jun 2014 18:00:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The environment, specifically climate change, is recieving some much deserved attention as of late. Discussion of climate change is healthy and necessary, but it seems the politico-media complex exclusively discusses climate, leaving other urgent crises to fall under the radar. One such crisis is Earth&#8217;s impending sixth mass extinction. We live in a time of precipitous biodiversity loss &#8212; on...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The environment, specifically climate change, is recieving some much deserved <a title="Climate Change: Epic State Fail" href="http://c4ss.org/content/27199">attention</a> as of late. Discussion of climate change is healthy and necessary, but it seems the <a title="Politico-Media Complex" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico-media_complex">politico-media complex</a> exclusively discusses climate, leaving other urgent crises to fall under the radar.</p>
<p>One such crisis is Earth&#8217;s impending <a title="Center For Biological Diversity - Current Mass Extinction" href="http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/biodiversity/elements_of_biodiversity/extinction_crisis/">sixth mass extinction</a>. We live in a time of precipitous biodiversity loss &#8212; on par with the extinction rate that ended the age of the dinosaurs. A complete tally of recent extinctions and imperiled species (along with causes) can be found at the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) website &#8211; <a title="The IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCNRedList.org</a>.</p>
<p><a title="Stuart Pimm" href="http://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/pimm">Stuart Pimm</a> of Duke University, a recognized expert in the field of conservation biology, has published a <a title="The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6187/1246752.abstract?sid=d1eb3640-ea8b-4c5d-aa13-c87c91d5a536">landmark study</a> in the peer-reviewed journal <em>Science. </em>Pimm&#8217;s publication describes the current plight of flora and fauna around the planet. Pimm notes that species are disappearing at least 1,000 times faster than the <a title="University of Wisconsin - Background Extinction Rate" href="http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/peery/files/2011/12/7.-Extinction-a-Natural-and-Human-caused-Process.pdf">natural background rate</a> &#8212; ten times faster than ecologists previously believed. “We are on the verge of the sixth extinction,” Pimm said in a <a title="STUDY: SPECIES DISAPPEARING FAR FASTER THAN BEFORE" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/study-species-disappearing-far-faster">statement</a> about his research. “Whether we avoid it or not will depend on our actions.”</p>
<p>There are a number of factors causing species decline. The major culprit, however, <em>is not</em> climate change &#8212; it&#8217;s habitat loss.</p>
<p><a title="Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation" href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1641/0006-3568%282002%29052%5B0883%3AUBAC%5D2.0.CO%3B2?journalCode=bisi">Over 50% of the human population now lives in cities</a>, as populations expand, so too does urbanization. This creates <a title="The Effects of Urbanization on Species Richness" href="http://www.mit.edu/people/spirn/Public/Granite%20Garden%20Research/Urban%20ecology/McKinney%202008%20Species%20Richness.pdf">an incredible challenge to species conservation</a> as the total size of urban spaces in the United States <a title="Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation" href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1641/0006-3568%282002%29052%5B0883%3AUBAC%5D2.0.CO%3B2?journalCode=bisi">now exceeds</a> the total size of areas protected for conservation. It is important, then, for markets to develop that encourage biodiversity conservation.</p>
<p>Pimm is right: Whether or not we avoid a biodiversity crisis depends on <em>our</em> actions. It is time to embrace neighborhood environmentalism and reclaim the commons.</p>
<p>&#8220;Growth at any cost&#8221; economics, the dogma of neo-liberalism and government institutions, utilizes precious landscapes and resources needed for ecological subsistence. Even programs that seek mechanisms for conservation, such as the United Nation&#8217;s REDD (<a title="REDD" href="http://www.un-redd.org/aboutredd/tabid/102614/default.aspx">Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation</a>), inadvertently promote the <a title="Will REDD Preserve Forests  Or Merely Provide a Fig Leaf?" href="http://e360.yale.edu/feature/will_redd_preserve_forests_or_merely_provide_a_fig_leaf/2277/">total exploitation of natural areas</a>, simply because regulation diverts resource extraction to unprotected land/seascapes.</p>
<p>Enclosure movements (acquisition of territories for the state or private capital) more often than not exploit natural landscapes. To the contrary, democratic management of natural areas has resulted in best sustainability practices.</p>
<p>The work of Nobel Prize recipient <a title="Elinor Ostrom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> demonstrates environmental protection increases with <a title="Common Pool Resource Theory" href="http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/SPA/BuechnerInstitute/Centers/WOPPR/IAD/Pages/CommonPoolResourceTheory.aspx">Common Pool Resource Institutions</a>. <a title="Arun Agrawal" href="http://www.snre.umich.edu/profile/arunagra">Arun Agrawal</a>, in his work <a title="Environmentality" href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/Environmentality/">Environmentality</a>, notes sustainable forest policy emerged in the Kumoan region of the Himalayas as a result of <a title="Managing the Anthropocene" href="http://c4ss.org/content/26360">decentralized, democratically controlled</a> resource management. In our cities, the establishment of <a title="Urban Conservation" href="http://magazine.nature.org/features/think-about-it-urban-conservation.xml">urban wilderness areas</a> popping up around the globe, from the labor of civic sector institutions and private citizens, are protecting large expanses of forest and crucial habitat from economic exploitation &#8211; my favorite example hails from the Scruffy City of Knoxville, Tennessee, where <a title="The Restorative Ecology of Big Green Country" href="http://appalachianson.wordpress.com/2013/12/09/the-restorative-ecology-of-big-green-country/">over 1,000 acres of forested habitat</a> has been preserved.</p>
<p>There are many more examples of freed markets protecting wilderness and ecosystem services. This protection simultaneously provides ancillary benefits to all flora and fauna &#8212; including humans. Government institutions and concentrations of private capital are all too often hurdles to the implementation of policies that can ease the current biodiversity crisis. <a title="Neighborhood Power: The New Localism by David Morris and Karl Hess" href="http://c4ss.org/content/25703">Neighborhood Power</a> is the way of the future &#8212; conservation depends on it.</p>
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		<title>Una Giornata della Terra Libertaria</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/26870</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/26870#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 03 May 2014 11:00:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Italian]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Gli Stati Uniti hanno una storia variegata con l’ambientalismo. Gli americani sono sempre stati orgogliosi del loro retaggio ambientale. Il conservazionismo di fine ottocento, promosso da persone come John Muir, diede origine ad istituzioni civiche, pubbliche e private dedicate alla conservazione dell’ambiente. La rivoluzione industriale, però, accoppiata all’ascesa del capitalismo moderno, il New Deal e...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Gli Stati Uniti hanno una storia variegata con l’ambientalismo. Gli americani sono sempre stati orgogliosi del loro retaggio ambientale. Il conservazionismo di fine ottocento, promosso da persone come John Muir, diede origine ad istituzioni civiche, pubbliche e private dedicate alla conservazione dell’ambiente. La rivoluzione industriale, però, accoppiata all’ascesa del capitalismo moderno, il New Deal e il boom del secondo dopoguerra, ha ingabbiato gli americani incatenandoli alla crescita economica. Questa storia variegata, di due americhe opposte, entrò in crisi nel decennio del cambiamento: gli anni sessanta. L’ambientalismo moderno nasce in quest’epoca.</p>
<p>L’ambientalismo moderno, alimentato dai movimenti anti-bellici, diede origine alla prima Giornata della Terra a livello nazionale il 22 aprile 1970. Quel giorno, venti milioni di americani occuparono strade, parchi, college e piazze per fondare un movimento sociale a favore della sostenibilità.</p>
<p>Il risultato è che la base della gabbia si è allargata. Il movimento a favore della sostenibilità ha dato origine all’Epa (l’ente americano per la protezione dell’ambiente) con le leggi sull’inquinamento dell’aria e dell’acqua e la protezione delle specie a rischio. Anche se è stato fatto del progresso e la base si è allargata, la gabbia è rimasta tale.</p>
<p>Il progresso può essere indifferentemente buono o cattivo. In natura come tra gli uomini è inevitabile. Dall’avvento del capitalismo industriale all’era neo-liberale reaganiana, il “progresso” è stato misurato in termini di una crescita della gabbia: Più strade e più auto, stato più grande e imprese più grandi, uno stato nazione più arrogante e un settore finanziario troppo grande per fallire. Le stesse istituzioni che l’ambientalismo ha aiutato a creare sono parte di questa gabbia. Non fraintendetemi: ci sono persone molto preoccupate, dedicate e intelligenti che lottano la buona lotta all’interno della struttura di potere ma, ahimè, i loro sforzi sono limitati dalla gabbia. Nonostante i passi fatti in direzione della salute pubblica e ambientale, gli stati nazione restano i più grandi distruttori del clima, dell’aria, la terra, le rocce, l’acqua, la flora e la fauna di tutti i tempi.</p>
<p>Come specie, però, sentiamo il bisogno di fare domande. In questa Giornata della Terra, e dopo, vorrei che la nostra natura inquisitiva fosse rivolta verso i finti confini politici. Perché la più grande minaccia all’ambiente è rappresentata dai grandi stati nazione militarizzati? Se siamo orgogliosi dei valori democratici, perché non riconosciamo che sono l’antitesi dell’autorità concentrata? Il concetto di crescita continua nel nome del “progresso” è sostenibile? O forse dobbiamo liberarci di questa gabbia e ridefinire il progresso?</p>
<p>Gli umani, come specie, hanno un’incredibile capacità di adattamento. Data la possibilità possiamo gettare, e getteremo, il seme della società futura che renderà la Terra degna di essere abitata per i nostri posteri. Possiamo liberare il lavoro dall’attuale sistema economico, decentrare le istituzioni, rispettare i confini naturali come le bio-regioni, e coltivare una società in cui ogni individuo potrà dire la sua genuinamente sulle decisioni che influenzano la sua vita. Questa è la lotta del ventunesimo secolo: liberarci della gabbia è reclamare il controllo democratico della società.</p>
<p>La prassi libertaria ultima è l’azione individuale esercitata sulle nostre istituzioni, sulla società, il lavoro, la proprietà e la persona. In una tale società noi saremmo liberi di proteggere le nostre tradizioni culturali e naturali, porre connessioni, imporre svolte, scegliere orizzonti e generare biodiversità. Le nostre abilità lavorative e la nostra disposizione alla libertà libereranno la società dall’economia centralizzata e dallo stato egemonico.</p>
<p>In questa Giornata della Terra mi auguro che possiamo capire che tutti i problemi complessi che l’umanità si trova di fronte – cambiamenti climatici, fame, guerra, colonialismo corporativo, estinzione, deprezzamento dell’ecosistema, eccetera – sono legati all’attuale esistenza dello stato. Mi auguro anche che possiamo trovare una risposta a questi problemi. E la risposta, come sempre, è libertà.</p>
<p><a href="http://pulgarias.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Traduzione di Enrico Sanna</a>.</p>
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		<title>Um Dia da Terra libertário</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/26606</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/26606#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2014 22:00:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Os Estados Unidos têm uma história inconsistente com o ambientalismo. Os americanos sempre tiveram orgulho de sua herança natural. O movimento de conservação dos anos 1890, liderado por John Muir e outros, deu origem a instituições cívicas, públicas e privadas dedicadas à proteção da natureza. A revolução industrial, porém, em conjunto com o advento do...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Os Estados Unidos têm uma história inconsistente com o ambientalismo. Os americanos sempre tiveram orgulho de sua herança natural. O movimento de conservação dos anos 1890, liderado por John Muir e outros, deu origem a instituições cívicas, públicas e privadas dedicadas à proteção da natureza. A revolução industrial, porém, em conjunto com o advento do capitalismo moderno, o New Deal e a explosão econômica pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial fez com que os americanos adotassem as ideias da economia do crescimento. Essa história inconsistente, de dois países opostos, chegou a seu auge na década das mudanças, os anos 1960. O moderno movimento ambiental têm seu discurso calcado nas ideias daquela época.</p>
<p>Esse ambientalismo moderno, movido pelo crescente movimento anti-guerras, deu origem ao primeiro Dia da Terra que foi reconhecido nacionalmente, em 22 de abril de 1970. Nesse dia, 20 milhões de americanos ocuparam as ruas, parques, campi de universidades e praças públicas para construir um movimento social em prol da sustentabilidade.</p>
<p>Com isso, o &#8220;espaço dentro da jaula&#8221; foi aumentado. O movimento pela sustentabilidade fez com que fosse criada a Agência de Proteção Ambiental e as leis do ar limpo, da água limpa e das espécies animais ameaçadas. Embora tenha havido progresso, permanecemos dentro da jaula.</p>
<p>O progresso pode ser bom ou mau, é inevitável nas dinâmicas naturais e sociais. Desde o advento do capitalismo industrial e do neoliberalismo de Reagan, o progresso tem sido medido pelo crescimento — a jaula: mais ruas, mais carros, mais governo, maiores corporações, estados-nação mais agressivos e setores financeiros grandes demais para quebrar. As próprias instituições criadas pelo movimento ambientalista moderno são partes da jaula. É claro que há pessoas muito preocupadas, dedicadas e inteligentes envolvidas na luta dentro da atual estrutura de poder, mas seus esforços são limitados pela jaula em que estão presos. Não importam quais sejam as ações tomadas em nome do público e do meio ambiente, o estado-nação continua sendo o maior agressor de todos os tempos do meio ambiente, do ar, do solo, das rochas, da água, da flora e da fauna.</p>
<p>Nossa espécie, contudo, é levada a fazer perguntas. Neste Dia da Terra e de agora em diante, eu peço que nossa natureza intrinsecamente inquisitora se volte para as fronteiras políticas. Por que as maiores ameaças ao meio ambiente são os estados-nação militarizados? Se devemos nos orgulhar de valores democráticos, esses valores não são a antítese da autoridade centralizada? O conceito de crescimento contínuo em nome do &#8220;progresso&#8221; dá espaço para a sustentabilidade? Não deveríamos, talvez, nos livrar da jaula em que vivemos e redefinir o conceito de progresso?</p>
<p>Como humanos, somos incrivelmente adaptáveis. Quando temos a chance, plantamos as sementes de uma sociedade futura que farão com que a vida na Terra valha a pena ser vivida na posteridade. Podemos liberar nosso trabalho do atual sistema econômico, descentralizar nossas instituições, respeitar fronteiras naturais como as das bio-regiões e cultivar uma sociedade na qual todo indivíduo tenha uma voz genuína nas decisões que afetam suas vidas. Essa é a luta do século 21 — a luta para nos livrarmos da jaula e tomar o controle democrático da sociedade.</p>
<p>A agência individual sobre nossas instituições, sociedade, trabalho, propriedade e pessoas é a práxis final dos libertários. Nessa sociedade, nós estaríamos livres para proteger nossas heranças culturais e naturais, nossas relações locais, nossas águas, paisagens e biodiversidade. O trabalho e a inclinação à liberdade libertarão a sociedade das economias centralizadas e de governos hegemônicos.</p>
<p>Neste Dia da Terra, que nos lembremos que os problemas complexos com que a humanidade se depara — mudança climática, fome, guerra, colonialismo corporativo, extinção animal, depreciação de ecossistemas etc — estão ligados ao sistema atual. Também nos lembremos de que temos uma resposta a todos esses problemas — essa resposta, como sempre, é a liberdade.</p>
<p><em>Traduzido do inglês para o português por <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/erick-vasconcelos">Erick Vasconcelos</a>.</em></p>
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		<title>A Libertarian Earth Day</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/26565</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2014 18:00:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Grant A. Mincy]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The United States has a varied history with environmentalism. Americans have always taken pride in their natural heritage. The conservation movement of the 1890s, championed by the likes of John Muir, gave rise to civic, public and private sector institutions dedicated to conservation. The industrial revolution, however, coupled with the rise of modern capitalism, the...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The United States has a varied history with environmentalism. Americans have always taken pride in their natural heritage. The conservation movement of the 1890s, championed by the likes of John Muir, gave rise to civic, public and private sector institutions dedicated to conservation. The industrial revolution, however, coupled with the rise of modern capitalism, the era of the New Deal and the economic boom following WWII assimilated Americans into growth economics.  This varied history, two opposing Americas, came to a head in the decade of change, the 1960s. The modern environmental movement finds its roots in the discourse of this era.</p>
<p>This modern environmentalism, fueled by the energy of a growing anti-war movement, bore the first nationally recognized Earth Day &#8211; April 22, 1970. On this day, 20 million Americans occupied streets, parks, college campuses and public squares to build a social movement for sustainability.</p>
<p>As a result, the floor of the cage expanded. The sustainability movement yielded the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency along with the Clean Air, Clean Water and Endangered Species Acts. Though progress was made and the floor expanded, the cage still remained.</p>
<p>Progress can be good or bad, regardless, it is unavoidable in nature and human society. Since the rise of industrial capitalism and then Reagan era neo-liberalism, &#8220;progress&#8221; has been gauged by growth &#8211; the cage: More roads, more cars, bigger government, bigger corporations, bolder nation-states and a too big to fail financial sector. The very institutions that the modern environmental movement helped craft are part of this cage. Don&#8217;t get me wrong, there are very concerned, dedicated and intelligent people fighting the good fight within the current power structure, but alas, their efforts are bounded by the cage. Regardless of the moves made on behalf of public and environmental health, the nation-state remains the largest wrecker of climate, air, soil, rock, water, flora and fauna of all time.</p>
<p>Our species, however, is driven to ask questions. On this Earth Day, and ever afterward, I ask that our intrinsic, inquisitive nature be turned to manufactured political boundaries. Why is the greatest threat to the environment great militarized nation states? If we are to take pride in democratic values, are these values not the anti-thesis of concentrated authority? Does the concept of continual growth in the name of &#8220;progress&#8221; allow for sustainability? Or should we perhaps rid ourselves of this cage and redefine progress?</p>
<p>As a species humans are incredibly adaptive. If given the chance we can and will plant the seeds of a future society that will make life on Earth worth living for our posterity. We can liberate our labor from the current economic system, decentralize our institutions, respect natural boundaries such as bio-regions and cultivate a society in which every individual will have a genuine say in the decisions that impact their lives. This is the fight of the 21st century &#8212; to rid ourselves of the cage and claim democratic control of society.</p>
<p>Individual agency over <em>our</em> institutions, society, labor, property and person is the ultimate libertarian praxis. In such a society we would be freed to protect our cultural and natural heritage, place connections, watersheds, landscapes and biodiversity. Our inclined labor and disposition to liberty will free society from centralized economies and hegemonic governments.</p>
<p>On this Earth Day may we realize that all the complex problems facing humanity &#8211; climate change, hunger, war, corporate colonialism, extinction, depreciating ecosystem services, etc. &#8211; are tied to the current state system. May we also realize that we have an answer to these problems &#8211; that answer, as always, is liberty.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
<ul>
<li>Portuguese, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/26606" target="_blank">Um Dia da Terra libertário</a>.</li>
<li>Italian, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/26870" target="_blank">Una Giornata della Terra Libertaria</a>.</li>
</ul>
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