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	<title>Center for a Stateless Society &#187; Apple</title>
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		<title>Les « trolls de brevets » ne sont pas le problème. Les brevets sont le problème.</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/27837</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/27837#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Jun 2014 11:00:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Thomas L. Knapp]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[« Alors qu’Apple se prépare à se défendre dans une affaire de violation de brevet en Europe qui pourrait lui couter des millions, la compagnie et son rival Google sont tous les deux aller demander à la Cour Suprême des USA de permettre d’infliger des pénalités sévères à l’encontre des plaintes triviales » selon Apple Insider. Eh bien,...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>« Alors qu’Apple se prépare à se défendre dans une affaire de violation de brevet en Europe qui pourrait lui couter des millions, la compagnie et son rival Google sont tous les deux aller demander à la Cour Suprême des USA de permettre d’infliger des pénalités sévères à l’encontre des plaintes triviales » <a href="http://appleinsider.com/articles/14/02/05/hit-with-another-2b-damage-claim-apple-joins-google-in-pressing-supreme-court-to-curb-patent-abuse" target="_blank">selon Apple Insider</a>.</p>
<p>Eh bien, il était temps. Mais le problème avec la position d’Apple est qu’une plainte pour violation de brevets – ou un brevet en lui-même – qui ne soit pas triviale, ça n’existe pas.</p>
<p>Il est vrai que les litiges sur les brevets sont devenus de plus en plus absurdes ces dernières années, mais en tant qu’acteur majeur dans cette absurdité (ayant, entre autres idioties, déposé – et reçu ! – <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2012/11/7/3614506/apple-patents-rectangle-with-rounded-corners" target="_blank">un brevet sur les appareils rectangulaires avec des coins arrondis</a>), Apple n’est pas vraiment en position de se plaindre.</p>
<p>Leur produit vedette, la gamme Macintosh, a commencé par une copie, trait pour trait, de l’interface utilisateur aux périphériques (vous avez entendu parler des « souris » ?) du système 1981 Star de Xerox. Et ils ont rapidement poursuivi (avant de s’arranger avec) Amazon pour leurs « droits » sur le terme « app store ». Alors s’il vous plait, ne donnons pas trop de crédit aux inquiétudes d’Apple sur les « trolls de brevets ».</p>
<p>Même si les brevets remplissaient le rôle que l’on nous vend – « sécuriser pour un temps limité un droit exclusif pour les inventeurs sur leurs créations » comme écrit dans la constitution américaine – ils resteraient une très mauvaise idée. Que l’on puisse posséder un idée est absurde, et personne n’y accorderait la moindre crédibilité si ce n’était pas appliqué le flingue sur la tempe par l’état.</p>
<p>Mais le rôle théorique des brevets n’est pas celui qu’ils ont dans la réalité.</p>
<p>Leur utilité réelle est de restreindre la compétition et de limiter l’innovation afin de fournir un avantage économique – c’est à dire un monopole sur la fixation du prix – pour établir quelles firmes, grâce à leur capacité de payer (pardonnez mon manque de délicatesse ; je crois que le terme que je cherche est « lobbying ») des politiciens, bureaucrates et juges, peuvent alors s’offrir le plaisir d’éviter la compétition du marché sur le prix ou la qualité.</p>
<p>Il y a quelques dizaines d’années, je travaillais pour un constructeur de bateaux connu. Un été, j’ai passé plusieurs semaines à faire de la besogne – remorquer des bateaux pour maintenance et les ramener, ce genre de choses – pour le nouveau designer de bateaux que la compagnie avait recruté pour assembler un prototype « suffisamment différent » du dernier bateau qu’il avait conçu (pour une autre firme) afin d’éviter (tout du moins pouvoir facilement gagner) des procédures de « violations ». Je ne sais pas combien est-ce que cette « mise en conformité » (et tout litige futur) représente sur le cout de chaque nouveau bateau, mais il n’y a aucun doute que le prix de vente était affecté.</p>
<p>En d’autres termes, les brevets sont une taxe indirecte pour les consommateurs. Les monopolistes des brevets peuvent faire payer plus cher car le gouvernement se charge de leur supprimer toute concurrence. Et si ces concurrents arrivent à mettre des produits sur le marché, ces produits sont plus chers car il aura fallu dépenser plus pour les licences d’exploitation ou pour contourner les « violations », ou pour payer des assurances afin de se protéger contre le risque de litige sur les brevets.</p>
<p>La plainte d’Apple, au fond, est que les « trolls » de brevets se contentent d’acheter des « droits », puis cherchent des infractions sur lesquelles ils peuvent récupérer de l’argent, au lieu de s’embêter à créer de nouveaux produits. Mais pourquoi ne devraient-ils pas le faire ? Si, comme Apple voudrait nous le faire croire, les brevets sont un instrument de marché légitime, alors les « trolls » exploitent cet outil <em>plus efficacement</em>qu’Apple ne le fait, n’est-ce pas ?</p>
<p>Le problème n’est pas les « trolls de brevets », le problème est le concept de brevet.</p>
<p>Traduction de <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/24371" target="_blank">The Problem Isn’t “Patent Trolls.” The Problem Is Patents.</a> par Thomas L. Knapp.</p>
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		<title>The Problem Isn’t “Patent Trolls.” The Problem Is Patents. On C4SS Media</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/25664</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/25664#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 23 Mar 2014 19:00:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[James Tuttle]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Feed 44]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[C4SS Media presents Thomas L. Knapp&#8216;s “The Problem Isn’t &#8216;Patent Trolls.&#8217; The Problem Is Patents.,” read by James Tuttle and edited by Nick Ford. &#8220;Apple’s complaint, in its essentials, is that patent “trolls” just buy up patent “rights,” then search for infringement to cash in on, rather than going to the trouble of making real products. But why...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>C4SS Media presents <a title="Posts by Thomas L. Knapp" href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/thomaslknapp" rel="author">Thomas L. Knapp</a>&#8216;s “<a href="http://c4ss.org/content/24371" target="_blank">The Problem Isn’t &#8216;Patent Trolls</a>.&#8217; The Problem Is Patents.,” read by James Tuttle and edited by Nick Ford.</p>
<p><iframe width="500" height="375" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/e2Y7vhAZ3Jo?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<p>&#8220;Apple’s complaint, in its essentials, is that patent “trolls” just buy up patent “rights,” then search for infringement to cash in on, rather than going to the trouble of making real products. But why shouldn’t they do that? If, as Apple would have us believe, patents are a legitimate market instrument, then the “trolls” are just exploiting that instrument <em>more efficiently</em> than Apple cares to, right?</p>
<p>The problem isn’t “patent trolls.” The problem is patents.&#8221;</p>
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		<title>Il Problema non sono i Patent Troll. Il Problema Sono i Brevetti</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/24642</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 17 Feb 2014 12:00:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Thomas L. Knapp]]></dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[“Mentre si prepara a difendersi contro una causa da molti miliardi per violazione di brevetti in Europa,” dice Apple Insider, “la Apple si è allineata alle posizioni della rivale Google nel chiedere alla corte suprema americana pene più severe per i patent troll responsabili di cause frivole.” Era ora. Il problema della Apple, però, è...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>“Mentre si prepara a difendersi contro una causa da molti miliardi per violazione di brevetti in Europa,” <a href="http://appleinsider.com/articles/14/02/05/hit-with-another-2b-damage-claim-apple-joins-google-in-pressing-supreme-court-to-curb-patent-abuse">dice Apple Insider</a>, “la Apple si è allineata alle posizioni della rivale Google nel chiedere alla corte suprema americana pene più severe per i patent troll responsabili di cause frivole.”</p>
<p>Era ora. Il problema della Apple, però, è che non esiste una causa relativa ad un brevetto… o un brevetto, se è per questo… che non sia frivola (“<a href="http://it.thefreedictionary.com/frivolo">superficiale, vuoto, che dimostra scarsa serietà</a>”).</p>
<p>È vero che le controversie legali sui brevetti sono diventate sempre più visibilmente sciocche negli ultimi anni, ma come protagonista principale in fatto di sciocchezze (che tra le altre idiozie ha chiesto – e ottenuto! – il <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2012/11/7/3614506/apple-patents-rectangle-with-rounded-corners">brevetto per dispositivi rettangolari con spigoli arrotondati</a>) la Apple non ha molte ragioni per lamentarsi. In questo articolo non c’è abbastanza spazio per esaminare tutte le stupidità in fatto di “proprietà intellettuale” della Apple, ma vediamone due:</p>
<p>Il famoso Macintosh cominciò come copia perfetta, dall’interfaccia alle periferiche (mai sentito parlare di un “mouse”?), del terminale Xerox Star del 1981. E poi: Per qualche tempo denunciò (prima di raggiungere un accordo) la Amazon riguardo il “diritto” ad usare le parole “app store”. Certo che è microscopica la lacrimuccia che merita l’indignazione della Apple per i “patent trolls”.</p>
<p>Anche quando i brevetti si limitano al loro fine dichiarato (come dice la costituzione americana, “assicurare agli inventori, per un periodo limitato, il diritto esclusivo alle loro scoperte”) sono comunque una pessima cosa. Dire che qualcuno può possedere un’idea è dichiaratamente sciocco. Nessuno ci farebbe caso se non ci fosse lo stato ad imporlo con la forza.</p>
<p>Ma il vero fine dei brevetti non è quello dichiarato.</p>
<p>Il vero fine è: restringere la concorrenza e limitare l’innovazione così da dare un vantaggio economico – un vero e proprio potere di monopolio sul prezzo – a quelle imprese che, grazie alla loro capacità di comprare politici, burocrati e giudici (scusate il mio linguaggio rozzo, forse il termine adatto è “fare lobby”), possono realizzare il desiderio di scansare la concorrenza del mercato in materia di prezzi o qualità.</p>
<p>Qualche decennio fa, lavorai per una nota fabbrica di imbarcazioni. Un’estate, passai diverse settimane come tuttofare – tirare in secca e rimettere in acqua le barche, quel genere di cose – per conto del nuovo designer della società, che stava assemblando un prototipo che fosse “abbastanza diverso” dall’ultimo modello che aveva progettato (per un’altra ditta) per evitare (o almeno contrastare efficacemente) una denuncia. Io non so quanto influisse questa roba del “rispetto dei brevetti” (e i conseguenti ricorsi) sul costo di ogni imbarcazione prodotta, ma non c’è dubbio che influiva sul prezzo finale.</p>
<p>In altre parole, i brevetti sono una tassa indiretta imposta ai consumatori. Chi ha il monopolio di un brevetto può fare prezzi più alti perché lo stato sopprime la concorrenza per lui. Ma anche quando la concorrenza riesce a portare sul mercato un prodotto, quel prodotto è più caro perché comprende il costo della licenza, o la ricerca di un brevetto alternativo, o ancora di un’assicurazione che protegga dai ricorsi.</p>
<p>La protesta della Apple, in sostanza, è che i “patent troll” si limitano a comprare “diritti” di brevetto per poi andare alla ricerca di infrazioni sulle quali incassare, invece che prendersi la briga di produrre qualcosa di reale. Dopotutto, perché dovrebbero farlo? Se, come vorrebbe far credere la Apple, i brevetti sono uno strumento legittimo di mercato, allora i “troll” stanno semplicemente sfruttando lo strumento in maniera più efficiente della Apple, no?</p>
<p>Per concludere, il problema non sono i “patent troll”. Il problema sono i brevetti.</p>
<p><a href="http://pulgarias.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Traduzione di Enrico Sanna</a>.</p>
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		<title>The Problem Isn&#8217;t &#8220;Patent Trolls.&#8221; The Problem Is Patents.</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/24371</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/24371#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Feb 2014 19:00:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Thomas L. Knapp]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[&#8220;As Apple prepares to defend itself against a multi-billion dollar patent infringement claim in Europe,&#8221; reports Apple Insider, &#8220;the company has aligned with rival Google in asking the U.S. Supreme Court to allow stiffer penalties for patent trolls who bring frivolous lawsuits.&#8221; Well, it&#8217;s about time. But the problem with Apple&#8217;s position is that there&#8217;s...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;As Apple prepares to defend itself against a multi-billion dollar patent infringement claim in Europe,&#8221; <a href="http://appleinsider.com/articles/14/02/05/hit-with-another-2b-damage-claim-apple-joins-google-in-pressing-supreme-court-to-curb-patent-abuse" target="_blank">reports <em>Apple Insider</em></a>, &#8220;the company has aligned with rival Google in asking the U.S. Supreme Court to allow stiffer penalties for patent trolls who bring frivolous lawsuits.&#8221;</p>
<p>Well, it&#8217;s about time. But the problem with Apple&#8217;s position is that there&#8217;s no such thing as a patent lawsuit &#8230; or for that matter, a patent &#8230; that <em>isn&#8217;t</em> frivolous (<a href="http://www.dict.org/bin/Dict?Form=Dict2&amp;Database=*&amp;Query=frivolous" target="_blank">&#8220;not serious in content or attitude or behavior&#8221;</a>).</p>
<p>It&#8217;s true that patent litigation has become more and more visibly silly over the last few years, but as a major player in the silliness (having, among other idiocies, applied for &#8212; and received! &#8212; <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2012/11/7/3614506/apple-patents-rectangle-with-rounded-corners" target="_blank">a patent on rectangular devices with rounded corners</a>) Apple doesn&#8217;t have much standing to complain about that. There&#8217;s not enough room in this column to really go into Apple&#8217;s other &#8220;intellectual property&#8221; howlers, but let&#8217;s name two:</p>
<p>Their flagship Macintosh line began as a lock, stock and barrel copy, from user interface to peripherals (ever heard of a &#8220;mouse?&#8221;), of Xerox&#8217;s 1981 Star terminal system. And they briefly sued (before settling with) Amazon over &#8220;rights&#8221; to the words &#8220;app store.&#8221; So please, let us break out the world&#8217;s smallest violin  for Apple&#8217;s angst over &#8220;patent trolls.&#8221;</p>
<p>Even if patents actually accomplished their advertised purpose &#8212; &#8220;securing for limited Times to &#8230; Inventors the exclusive Right to their &#8230; Discoveries,&#8221; as the US Constitution puts it &#8212; they&#8217;d be a very bad idea. The claim that one can own an idea is silly on its face, and not a claim that anyone would pay the slightest mind to were it not enforced at gunpoint by the state.</p>
<p>But the advertised purpose of patents is not their actual purpose.</p>
<p>Their actual purpose is to restrain competition and limit innovation so as to provide economic advantage &#8212; monopoly pricing power, in fact &#8212; to established firms who, by virtue of their ability to pay off (pardon my indelicate language; I believe the word I&#8217;m looking for is &#8220;lobby&#8221;) politicians, bureaucrats and judges, can thereby indulge their desire avoid market competition on price or quality.</p>
<p>Decades ago, I worked for a well-known boat manufacturer. One summer, I spent several weeks as the &#8220;menial tasks&#8221; guy &#8212; hauling boats and trailers back and forth for modifications, that kind of thing &#8212; for the company&#8217;s newly hired boat designer as he worked to assemble a prototype &#8220;different enough&#8221; from the last boat he&#8217;d designed (for another firm) to avoid (or at least successfully fight) &#8220;infringement&#8221; claims. I don&#8217;t know how much this &#8220;patent compliance&#8221; runaround (and any ensuing litigation) added to the cost of each unit of the new boat, but there&#8217;s no doubt that it did affect the retail price.</p>
<p>In other words, patents are indirect taxes on consumers. Patent monopolists can charge higher prices because government suppresses their would-be competitors for them. And if those competitors do manage to bring products to market, those products are also more expensive because they&#8217;ve had to spend money on patent licensing, or on patent research to avoid &#8220;infringement,&#8221; or on insurance to protect themselves against patent litigation.</p>
<p>Apple&#8217;s complaint, in its essentials, is that patent &#8220;trolls&#8221; just buy up patent &#8220;rights,&#8221; then search for infringement to cash in on, rather than going to the trouble of making real products. But why shouldn&#8217;t they do that? If, as Apple would have us believe, patents are a legitimate market instrument, then the &#8220;trolls&#8221; are just exploiting that instrument <em>more efficiently</em> than Apple cares to, right?</p>
<p>The problem isn&#8217;t &#8220;patent trolls.&#8221; The problem is patents.</p>
<p>Translations for this article:</p>
<ul>
<li>Italian, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/24642" target="_blank">Il Problema non sono i Patent Troll. Il Problema Sono i Brevetti</a>.</li>
<li>French, <a href="http://c4ss.org/content/27837" target="_blank">Les « trolls de brevets » ne sont pas le problème. Les brevets sont le problème</a>.</li>
</ul>
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		<slash:comments>5</slash:comments>
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		<title>The Mass Murder Will Not Be Apped</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/13000</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/13000#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Sep 2012 00:09:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Roderick Long]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Stigmergy - C4SS Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apple]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[drone]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IP]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[war]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=13000</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Apple rejects drone app]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Apple <a href="http://news.discovery.com/tech/apple-rejects-drone-attack-app-dnews-nugget-120831.html">turns down</a> an app to track u.s. drone strikes in Afghanistan.</p>
<p>If only the drones were slim and rectangular with rounded corners! Then Apple would move heaven and earth to shut them down.</p>
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		<title>Comes Around, Goes Around</title>
		<link>http://c4ss.org/content/12948</link>
		<comments>http://c4ss.org/content/12948#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 21 Sep 2012 22:11:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Thomas L. Knapp]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Stigmergy - C4SS Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apple]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intellectual property]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://c4ss.org/?p=12948</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The reigning king of intellectual "property" litigiousness looks to be on the receiving end for a little of what it's been dishing out.]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The reigning king of intellectual &#8220;property&#8221; litigiousness looks to be on the receiving end for a little of what it&#8217;s been dishing out. <a href="http://www.tomsguide.com/us/Apple-Design-Clock-App-Swiss-Federal-Railway-Train-Station,news-16091.html" target="_blank">Per <b>Tom&#8217;s Guide</b>:</a></p>
<blockquote><p>Switzerland&#8217;s Schweizerische Bundesbahnen, or Swiss Federal Railway service, has accused Apple of copying the design of the Swiss Federal Railway service clock. Apple&#8217;s version of this clock appears in the iPad&#8217;s Clock app, which debuted as part of iOS 6, the latest version of Appe&#8217;s mobile operating system. According to MacRumors, the trademark and copyright for the clock, designed by Hans Hilfiker, is owned by the Swiss Federal Railways service.</p></blockquote>
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